Bryostatin analogues, synthetic methods and uses

ABSTRACT

Biologically active compounds related to the bryostatin family of compounds, having simplified spacer domains and/or improved recognition domains are disclosed, including methods of preparing and utilizing the same.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/981,256, filed Oct. 19, 2007, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

GOVERNMENT INTEREST

This invention was made with the support of NIH grant number CA31845.Accordingly, the U.S. Government may have certain rights in thisinvention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns biologically active compounds related tothe bryostatin family of compounds, and to methods of preparing andutilizing the same.

BACKGROUND

Protein kinase C (PKC) related disorders are important causes ofillness, disability and death worldwide, and represent importanttherapeutic targets. The broad range of disorders which are mediated byPKC include, for example, hyperproliferative diseases, immune relateddisorders, and cognitive disorders among others. There is need for newtherapeutic agents which can target PKC to treat patients with theseconditions.

Cancer is a major cause of death in the developed countries, with morethan 500,000 human fatalities occurring annually in the United States.Cancers are generally the result of the transformation of normal cellsinto modified cells that proliferate excessively, leading to theformation of abnormal tissues or cell populations. In many cancers, cellproliferation is accompanied by dissemination (metastasis) of malignantcells to other parts of the body, which spawn new cancerous growths.Cancers can significantly impair normal physiological processes,ultimately leading to patient mortality. Cancers have been observed formany different tissue and cell types, with cancers of the lung, breast,and colorectal system accounting for about half of all cases.

Currently, about one-third of cancer patients can be cured by surgicalor radiation techniques. However, these approaches are most effectivewith cancerous lesions that have not yet metastasized to other regionsof the body. Chemotherapeutic techniques currently cure another 17% ofcancer patients. Combined chemotherapeutic and non-chemotherapeuticprotocols can further enhance prospects for full recovery. Even forincurable cancer conditions, therapeutic treatments can be useful toachieve remission or at least extend patient longevity.

Numerous anticancer compounds have been developed over the past severaldecades. While these compounds comprise many different classes that actby a variety of mechanisms, one general approach has been to block theproliferation of cancerous cells by interfering with cell division. Forexample, anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin and daunorubicin, have beenfound to intercalate DNA, blocking DNA and RNA synthesis and causingstrand scission by interacting with topoisomerase II. The taxanes, suchas Taxol™ and Taxotere™, disrupt mitosis by promoting tubulinpolymerization in microtubule assembly. Cis-platin forms interstrandcrosslinks in DNA and is effective to kill cells in all stages of thecell cycle. As another example, cyclophosphamide and related alkylatingagents contain di-(2-chloroethyl)-amino groups that bind covalently tocellular components such as DNA. The bryostatins (Formula A) are afamily of naturally occurring macrocyclic compounds originally isolatedfrom marine bryozoa. Currently, there are about 20 known naturalbryostatins which share three six-membered rings designated A, B and C,and which differ mainly in the nature of their substituents at C7(OR^(A)) and C20 (R^(B)).

The bryostatins exhibit potent activity against a broad range of humancancer cell lines and provide significant in vivo life extensions inmurine xenograft tumor models. Doses that are effective in vivo areextremely low, with activities demonstrated for concentrations as low as1 μg/kg. Among additional therapeutic responses, the bryostatins havebeen found to promote the normal growth of bone marrow progenitor cells,provide cellular protection against normally lethal doses of ionizingradiation, and stimulate immune system responses that result in theproduction of T cells, tumor necrosis factors, interleukins andinterferons. Bryostatins are also effective in inducing transformationof chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to a hairy cell type, increasingthe expression of p53 while decreasing the expression of bcl-2 ininducing apoptosis in cancer cells or at least pre-disposing a celltowards apoptosis, and reversing multidrug resistance (MDR).

At the molecular level, bryostatins have been shown to competitivelyinhibit the binding of plant-derived phorbol esters and endogenousdiacyl glycerols to protein kinase C (PKC) at nanomolar to picomolardrug concentrations, and to stimulate comparable kinase activity. Unlikethe phorbol esters, however, the bryostatins do not act as tumorpromoters. Thus, the bryostatins appear to operate through a mode ofaction different from, and complementary to, the modes of action ofestablished anticancer agents; such as cisplatin or taxol. Further,their ability to bind PKC and displace phorbol esters, thus providingcomplex modulatory activity against a number of PKC isoforms, indicatebryostatins' potential for use in therapeutic applications outside ofoncology.

Although the bryostatins have been known for some time, their lownatural abundance, difficulties in isolation and severely limitedavailability through total synthesis have impeded efforts to elucidatetheir mode of action and to advance their clinical development. It isdesired to provide new, simplified, and more readily accessible analogsof the natural bryostatins for anticancer applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the invention, a compound having the structure ofFormula I is provided:

-   -   where R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′,        ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C(R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′        or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₃ is independently H, —OH, or O(CO)R′;    -   R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d); R^(a) and R^(b) are        independently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or R′; R^(c) and R^(d)        are independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,        (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or 3; R₆ is        H, —OH, or R;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁); the ring containing A is optionally        partially unsaturated, provided that R₄ is not ═CR^(a)R^(b) when        the ring carbon to which R₄ is attached is unsaturated; and    -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁); Y        is O or N(R₁); m is 0 or 1; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; p is 0, 1, 2, 3,        or 4;    -   with the proviso that the compound does not have the structure        of Formula A

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula I has thestereochemistry of Formula IA:

In a second aspect of the invention, a compound having the structure offormula II is provided:

-   -   where R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′,        ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C(R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′        or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₃ is independently H, —OH, or O(CO)R;    -   R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d); R^(a) and R^(b) are        independently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or R′; R^(c) and R^(d)        are independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,        (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or 3;    -   R₆ is H, —OH, or R′;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁); the ring containing A is optionally        partially unsaturated, provided that R₄ is not ═CR^(a)R^(b) when        the ring carbon to which R₄ is attached is unsaturated;    -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁); Y        is O or N(R₁); and    -   n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula II has thestereochemistry of Formula IIA:

In a third aspect of the invention, a compound of Formula III isprovided:

where R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′, ═CH₂, ═CHR′,═O, —R′, halogen, —C(R)₂—COOR′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′,—C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′ or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkylwhere q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionallysubstituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionallysubstituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedcycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not violated;

-   -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₃ is independently H, —OH, or O(CO)R;    -   R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d); R^(a) and R^(b) are        independently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or R; R^(c) and R^(d)        are independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,        (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or 3;    -   R₆ is H, —OH, or R; R₇ is H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′, —R′,        halogen, —COOR′, —COOCH₂R′, —C(R)₂—COOCH₂C═CR′, —COCH₂R′,        —C(R)₂—COCH₂C═CR′, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkyl amino,        optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted        haloalkoxy, optionally substituted alkylthio, optionally        substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally        substituted alkylalkenyl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroaralkylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl,        optionally substituted heteroalkylalkenyl, optionally        substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkyl,        or optionally substituted cycloheteroalkyl;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁); the ring containing A is optionally        partially unsaturated, provided that R₄ is not ═CR^(a)R^(b) when        the ring carbon to which R₄ is attached is unsaturated; X₁, X₂,        X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁); Y is O or        N(R₁); and    -   n is 0 or 1; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula III hasthe stereochemistry of Formula IIIA

In a fourth aspect of the invention a compound of Formula IV isprovided:

-   -   where R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′,        ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C(R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′        or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₃ is independently H, —OH, or O(CO)R;    -   R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d); R^(a) and R^(b) are        independently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or R′; R^(c) and R^(d)        are independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,        (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or 3;    -   R₆ is H, —OH, or R′;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁); the ring containing A is optionally        partially unsaturated, provided that R₄ is not ═CR^(a)R^(b),        when the ring carbon to which R₄ is attached is unsaturated;    -   X₁, X₂, and X₃, are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, and N(R₁); Y is        O or N(R₁); n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and    -   j is 1 or 2, with the proviso that when j is 2, and X₁, X₂, and        X₃ are all 0, then n is not 0.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula IV has thestereochemistry of Formula IVA:

In a fifth aspect of the invention, a compound of Formula V or FormulaVI is provided:

-   -   wherein R₁, R₂, and R₅ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂,        —NR′, ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C(R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′ or        —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₆ is independently H, —OH or R;    -   R₈ is H, OH, or R; R′ is optionally substituted alkyl,        optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,        optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,        optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally        substituted alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, and N(R₁);    -   Y is O or N(R₁); j and k are independently 1 or 2; p is        independently for each ring to be 0, 1, 2, or 3;

B, D, E, G, and K are independently CR^(a)R^(b), C═O, H, O, S, or NR′,where R^(a) and R^(b) are independently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or R;R^(c) and R^(d) are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, or(CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or 3;

-   -   optionally A is linked with K or G to form a substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic ring of 5-10 members having        0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms; optionally B is linked with K or G        to form a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic        ring of 5-10 members having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms;        optionally D is linked with K or G to form a substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic ring of 5-10 members having        0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms; optionally E is linked with B, D,        K, or G to form a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or        bicyclic ring of 5-10 members having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4        heteroatoms; optionally E is linked with B and G or D and K to        form a substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic ring of 7-14        members having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms; optionally K is        linked with B and E to form a substituted or unsubstituted        bicyclic ring of 7-14 members having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4        heteroatoms; its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters        thereof; wherein any of the rings formed by linking A, B, D, E,        G and/or K may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic; and        wherein the linker linking any of the groups A, B, D, E, K or G        comprises two to seven C(R)₂ groups, and each C(R)₂ group may be        optionally substituted by a hetero atom, or a —C(O)— group.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula V has thestereochemistry of Formula VA.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula VI has thestereochemistry of Formula VIA:

Exemplary compounds of the invention include:

In another aspect of the invention, use of a compound of Formula I, II,III, IV, V or VI is provided for the preparation of a medicament for thetreatment or prevention of disease.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of treatment for a disorderresponsive to byrostatin therapy is provided, comprising administeringto a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound orpharmaceutically acceptable ester or salt of Formula I, II, III, W, V orVI.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of treatment for ahyperproliferative cellular disorder or an immune-related disorder isprovided, comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof aneffective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable ester orsalt of Formula I, II, III, W, V or VI.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical compositioncontaining a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of FormulaI, II, III, IV, V or VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofadmixed with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprising a secondtherapeutic agent having immunosuppressive activity via a mechanismdistinct from that of bryostatin.

In another aspect of the invention, a method is provided to treat amammal suffering from a disorder mediated by protein kinase C activitycomprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effectiveamount of the compound of any one of Formulas I, II, III, IV, V or VI,or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, to said mammal.

In another aspect of the invention, a method is provided to treat amammal suffering from a hyperproliferative cellular disorder or animmune-related disorder comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI, orits pharmaceutically acceptable salts, to said mammal.

In another aspect, the invention includes a method of inhibiting growth,or proliferation, of a cancer cell. In the method, a cancer cell iscontacted with a bryostatin analogue compound in accordance with theinvention in an amount effective to inhibit growth or proliferation ofthe cell. In a broader aspect, the invention includes a method oftreating cancer in a mammalian subject, especially humans. In themethod, a bryostatin analogue compound in accordance with the presentinvention is administered to the subject in an amount effective toinhibit growth of the cancer in the patient.

In some embodiments of the methods the compound is administered orally,parenterally, intramuscularly, intravenously, intradermally,subcutaneously, transdermally, bronchially, pharyngolaryngeally,intranasally, topically, rectally, intracisternally, intravaginally,intraperitoneally, bucally, or intrathecally. In some embodiments thecompound is administered in a formulation further comprising anexcipient. In some embodiments, the compound is administered as a solid,a powder, a liquid, an aerosol, a gel, an ointment, a suppository,adermal patch, a suspension, microencapsulated matrix, liposomes,emulsions, or incorporated into or onto a stent. In some embodiments,the compound is administered at least once a day.

In some embodiments of the invention the disorders mediated by PKC orthe hyperproliferative cellular disorders or immune related disordersare tumors and cancers; unwanted angiogenesis, psoriasis, blood vesselproliferation disorders, fibrotic disorders, autoimmune disorders,disorders brought about by abnormal proliferation of mesangial cells,such as glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, neuropathic pain,malignant nephrosclerosis, thrombotic micro-angiopathy syndromes,transplant rejection, and glomerulopathies, rheumatoid arthritis,ischemic heart disease, post-dialysis syndrome, leukemia, vasculitis;lipid histiocytosis, septic shock, inflammation, acute and chronicnephropathies, arterial restenosis, autoimmune diseases, or oculardiseases with retinal vessel proliferation.

In still another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treatinghyperproliferative cellular disorders, particularly cancer in a mammalby administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, either alone or in combinationwith a second agent, preferably a second anti-cancer agent that acts bya distinct mechanism vis-à-vis the mechanism of the compound of FormulaI, II, III, IV, V or VI.

In yet another aspect, the invention relates to methods of treatment fora mammal having an immune-related disease or receiving immunosuppressivetherapy, by administering of a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises a second therapeuticagent having immunosuppressive activity via a mechanism distinct fromthat of bryostatin.

In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for thesynthesis of bryostatin analogues, including the steps of esterificationand macrotrasacetylization of a protected recognition domain with aprotected linker synthon, followed by deprotection. Particularlypreferred is reduction of a C26 OBn protected precursor to give thecorresponding C26 des-methyl bryostatin analogue. A related aspect ofthe invention entails the novel products made by the foregoing process.Intermediates and steps for preparing them or converting them tobryostatin analogues are also included in the invention.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of manufacture of acompound of Formula VIII is provided comprising the steps ofhydroxylating asymmetrically a compound of Formula VII to form a diol;acetalizing said diol; and deprotecting a primary alcohol and oxidizingsaid primary alcohol to form an acid of Formula VIII.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of manufacture of acompound of Formula IX, is provided, comprising the steps of: reacting acompound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula X to form an ester;and deprotecting and macrotransacetalizing said ester with hydrogenfluoride/pyridine to form a compound of Formula IX.

In a further aspect of the invention, a method of manufacture of acompound of Formula XII is provided, comprising the steps of reacting acompound of Formula XIII with a compound of Formula X to form an ester;and deprotecting and macrotransacetalizing said ester with hydrogenfluoride/pyridine to form a compound of Formula XII.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of manufacture of acompound of Formula XIV is provided, comprising the steps of reacting acompound of Formula XV with a compound of Formula X to form an ester;and deprotecting and macrotransacetalizing said ester with hydrogenfluoride/pyridine to form a compound of Formula XIV.

These and other objects and features of the invention will be betterunderstood in light of the following detailed description.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of the molecular domains of thenovel and conventional classes of PKC isoforms.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the extent of translocation fromthe cytosol to cellular membranes of three PKC isoforms by a compound ofthe invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators can be used to treat any one of theconditions which are mediated by PKC in order to benefit a patient. Oneapplication, amongst the wide range of disorders responsive to treatmentby a PKC modulator is cancer.

Cancer, one of the hyperproliferative disorders mediated by PKC, is amajor cause of death in the developed countries, with more than 500,000human fatalities occurring annually in the United States. Cancers aregenerally the result of the transformation of normal cells into modifiedcells that proliferate excessively, leading to the formation of abnormaltissues or cell populations. Cancers have been observed for manydifferent tissue and cell types, with cancers of the lung, breast, andcolorectal system accounting for about half of all cases.

Currently, about one-third of cancer patients can be cured by surgicalor radiation techniques. However, these approaches are most effectivewith cancerous lesions that have not yet metastasized to other regionsof the body. Chemotherapeutic techniques currently cure another 17% ofcancer patients. Combined chemotherapeutic and non-chemotherapeuticprotocols can further enhance prospects for full recovery. Even forincurable cancer conditions, therapeutic treatments can be useful toachieve remission or at least extend patient longevity.

Numerous anticancer compounds have been developed over the past severaldecades. While these compounds comprise many different classes that actby a variety of mechanisms, one general approach has been to block theproliferation of cancerous cells by interfering with cell division. Forexample, anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin and daunorubicin, have beenfound to intercalate DNA, blocking DNA and RNA synthesis and causingstrand scission by interacting with topoisomerase II. The taxanes, suchas Taxol™ and Taxotere™, disrupt mitosis by promoting tubulinpolymerization in microtubule assembly. Cis-platin forms interstrandcrosslinks in DNA and is effective to kill cells in all stages of thecell cycle. As another example, cyclophosphamide and related alkylatingagents contain di-(2-chloroethyl)-amino groups that bind covalently tocellular components such as DNA. The bryostatins (Formula A) are afamily of naturally occurring macrocyclic compounds originally isolatedfrom marine bryozoa. Currently, there are about 20 known naturalbryostatins which share three six-membered rings designated A, B and C,and which differ mainly in the nature of their substituents at C7(OR^(A)) and C20 (R^(B)).

The bryostatins exhibit potent activity against a broad range of humancancer cell lines and provide significant in vivo life extensions inmurine xenograft tumor models. Doses that are effective in vivo areextremely low, with activities demonstrated for concentrations as low as1 μg/kg. Among additional therapeutic responses, the bryostatins havebeen found to promote the normal growth of bone marrow progenitor cells,provide cellular protection against normally lethal doses of ionizingradiation, and stimulate immune system responses that result in theproduction of T cells, tumor necrosis factors, interleukins andinterferons. Bryostatins are also effective in inducing transformationof chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to a hairy cell type, increasingthe expression of p53 while decreasing the expression of bcl-2 ininducing apoptosis in cancer cells or at least pre-disposing a celltowards apoptosis, and reversing multidrug resistance (MDR).

At the molecular level, bryostatins have been shown to competitivelyinhibit the binding of plant-derived phorbol esters and endogenousdiacyl glycerols to protein kinase C (PKC) at nanomolar to picomolardrug concentrations, and to stimulate comparable kinase activity. Unlikethe phorbol esters, however, the bryostatins do not act as tumorpromoters. Thus, the bryostatins appear to operate through a mode ofaction different from, and complementary to, the modes of action ofestablished anticancer agents; such as cisplatin or taxol.

Further, their ability to bind PKC and displace phorbol esters, thusproviding complex modulatory activity against a number of PKC isoforms,indicate bryostatins' potential for broad use in therapeuticapplications outside of oncology, in treating any condition whereinmodulation of PKC is beneficial.

Although the bryostatins have been known for some time, their lownatural abundance, difficulties in isolation and severely limitedavailability through total synthesis have impeded efforts to elucidatetheir mode of action and to advance their clinical development. It isdesired to provide new, simplified, and more readily accessible analogsof the natural bryostatins for use as PKC modulators.

I. Nomenclature

For simplicity of reference, the compounds of Formulae I-XV are namedand numbered herein as corresponding to the naturally occurringbryostatin macrocycle, described above with reference to Formula A.

For example, the analogues of the invention in which R⁶ is hydrogen,such as those of Formula A-I and Formula A-II:

are also referred to as “C26 des-methyl”, notwithstanding that thestructures corresponding to L (in Formula A.1) or the correspondingspacer domain, or even the recognition domain, contain fewer carbonatoms than native bryostatin such that the “C26” position would beassigned a lower number were these analogues to be named withoutreference to the native structure.

Further, as illustrated in the above representations of the Formulas,bonds represented with no substituents imply hydrogen substitution asvalency permits. For example, Fragment A represents the same structureas Fragment B, differing in that all the hydrogens in the molecule arenot expressly illustrated. For clarity, representations in the style ofFragment A may be used herein.

In addition, in embodiments of the invention where the ring systems inany of the compounds of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V or VI include sitesof unsaturation, it is understood that the number of hydrogen atoms inthe ring will be reduced to satisfy valency requirements.

As used herein, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl, refer to saturated andunsaturated monovalent moieties in accordance with their standardmeanings, including straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic moieties,optionally containing one or more intervening heteroatoms, such asoxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen in the chain or ring, respectively.Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl,2-butyl, cyclopentyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, cycloheptyl,octyl, nonyl, decyl, and the like. Exemplary alkenyl groups include2-pentenyl, 2,4-pentadienyl, 2-octenyl, 2,4,6-octatrienyl,CH₃—CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH—CH═CH—, cyclopentadienyl, and the like. Exemplaryalkynyl groups include CH₃CCCH₂—, 4-pentyn-1-yl, and the like. Exemplarycyclic moieties include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, furanyl, pyranyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, pyrrolidyl, piperidyl,morpholino, and reduced forms of furanyl, imidazoyl, pyranyl, pyridyl,and the like.

Lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl refer to alkyl, alkenyl,and alkynyl groups containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

Aryl denotes a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring or fused ringstructure of carbon atoms with no heteroatoms in the ring(s). Examplesare phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, and phenanthryl.

Heteroaryl is used herein to denote a monocyclic or polycyclic aromaticring or fused ring structure of carbon atoms with one or more non-carbonatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, in the ring or in one ormore of the rings in fused ring structures. Examples are furanyl,pyranyl, thienyl, imidazoyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl,pyrimidinyl, indolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalyl, andquinazolinyl. Preferred examples are furanyl, imidazoyl, pyranyl,pyrrolyl, and pyridyl.

Heterocyclic is used herein to denote a monocyclic or polycyclic ring orfused ring structure which is saturated or partially unsaturated andcontaining one or more heteroatoms comprising O, S, and N. Nonlimitingexamples are heterocycles such as thiofuranyl, pyranyl, dihydropyranyl,tetrahydropyranyl, pyrrolyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrrolidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl,oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, dioxazolyl, thiadiazolyl,tetrazolyl, triazolyl, thiatriazolyl, oxatriazolyl, morpholinyl,thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazoidinyl, dithiazolyl,diathiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, and benzofused derivatives thereof.

Aralkyl and heteroaralkyl refer to aryl and heteroaryl moieties,respectively, that are linked to a main structure by an interveningalkyl group, e.g., containing one or more methylene groups.

Alkoxy, alkenoxy, and alkynoxy refer to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynylmoiety, respectively, that is linked to a main structure by anintervening oxygen atom.

Alkylamino refers to alkyl moieties that are linked to a main structureby an intervening amino group.

Acyloxy refers to a moeity containing a carbonyl which is attached to amain structure by an intervening oxygen atom, such as for example;RC(O)O—. ArC(O)O—, HetarylC(C)O—, and the like.

Acylamino refers to a moeity containing a carbonyl which is attached toa main structure by an intervening nitrogen atom, such as for example;RC(O)NR′—. ArC(O)NR′—, HetarylC(C)NR′—, and the like

It will be appreciated that the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy,alkylamino, acylamino, acyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, andheteroaralkyl moieties utilized herein can be unsubstituted orsubstituted with one or more of the same or different substituents,which are typically selected from —X, —R′, ═O, —OR′, —SR′, ═S, —NR′R′,—NR′R′R′⁺, ═NR′, —CX₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NCO, —NCS, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃,—S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OH, —S(O)₂R′, —C(O)R′, —C(O)X, —C(S)R′, —C(S)X,—C(O)OR′, —C(O)O⁻, —C(S)OR′, —C(O)SR′, —C(S)SR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(S)NR′R′and —C(NR)NR′R′, where each X is independently a halogen (F, Cl, Br, orI, preferably F or Cl) and each R′ is independently hydrogen, alkyl,aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl. In oneembodiment, R′ is lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, or lower alkynyl. NR′R′also includes moieties wherein the two R′ groups form a ring with thenitrogen atom, and may include other heteroatoms comprising O, S, and N,within the ring thus formed.

While practical size limits for the various substituent groups will beapparent to those skilled in the art, generally preferred are the alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl moietiescontaining up to about 40 carbon atoms, more preferably up to about 20carbon atoms and most preferably up to about 10 carbon atoms (except asotherwise specifically noted, for example, with reference to theembodiment of the invention where a preferred R₃ substituent has about 7to 20 carbon atoms).

As to any of the above groups that contain one or more substituents, itis understood, of course, that such groups do not contain anysubstitution or substitution patterns which are sterically impractical,violate valency, and/or synthetically non-feasible. In addition, thecompounds of this invention include all stereochemical isomers andmixtures thereof arising from the substitution of these compounds.

Except as otherwise specifically provided or clear from the context, theterm “compounds” of the invention should be construed as including the“pharmaceutically acceptable salts” thereof (which expression has beeneliminated in certain instances for the sake of brevity).

Pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts which retain thebiological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of thisinvention and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Insome cases, the compounds of this invention are capable of forming acidand/or base salts, derived from a variety of organic and inorganiccounter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only,sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, andthe like; and when the molecule contains a basic functionality, salts oforganic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide,tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.

Relatively lipophilic, as the term is used herein, describes a molecule,moiety, or region which is uncharged at neutral pH, and, taken alone, isonly partially soluble in water. Relatively lipophilic moietiespreferably have no more than one OH or NH bond for every five carbonatoms, even more preferably for every eight carbon atoms. Relativelylipophilic means that the molecule, moiety or region facilitatestherapeutic use, helping to maintain a balance between lipophilicity(e.g., to permit cellular uptake) and hydrophilicity (e.g., to permitaqueous formulation).

Mammal is intended to have its conventional meaning. Examples includehumans, mice, rats, guinea pigs, horses, dogs, cats, sheep, cows, etc.

Treatment or treating means any treatment of a disease in a mammal,including:

-   -   preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical symptoms        of the disease not to develop;    -   inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the development of        clinical symptoms; and/or    -   relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of        clinical symptoms.

Effective amount means a dosage sufficient to provide treatment for thedisease state being treated. This will vary depending on the patient,the disease and the treatment being effected.

II. Compounds of the Invention

Bryostatin is thought to act by modulating the activity and cellularlocalization of various C1 domain-containing proteins such as proteinkinase C (PKC). In contrast to molecules that target the ATP bindingsite of PKC and function only as inhibitors, molecules that target theC1 domain can be designed to inhibit or activate enzyme activity. Inaddition, C1 domains are only present in a small subset of the largefamily of kinases, offering selectivity in function. The PKC family isdivided into three subclasses: the conventional, novel, and atypicalisozymes. Of these three, bryostatin binds only to the conventional andnovel subclasses (eight isozymes in total). A long-standing goal in thearea of C1 domain research is to design agents that can selectivelyregulate one or a subset of these eight isozymes. Compounds of theinvention, with modifications to the “A” ring may provide selectivitybetween the isozymes as well as provide advantages in physicochemicalbehavior as therapeutic agents.

Various studies have demonstrated good affinity for bryostatins in whichRA is hydroxyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or n-butanoate, and R^(B) is H,acetyl, n-butanoate, or 2,4-unsaturated octanoate, as measured by PKCbinding assay. The double bond between C13 and C30 can be hydrogenatedor epoxidized without significant loss of binding affinity.Hydrogenation of the C21-C34 alkene or acetylation of the C26 hydroxyl,on the other hand, can significantly reduce binding affinity. Inversionof the stereoconfiguration at C26 leads to modest loss of activity(approx. 30-fold) and the suggestion that the methyl group may limitrotation of bonds proximate to the methyl group and contribute to theapparent high binding affinity observed for the bryostatins. Eliminationof the hydroxyl at C19 (with concomitant omission of the C20 R^(B)group) causes an approximately 100-fold to 200-fold decrease in binding.

The present invention provides new analogues of bryostatin that can besynthesized conveniently in high yields and which have useful biologicalactivities. The compounds of the invention can be broadly described ashaving two main regions that are referred to herein as a “recognitiondomain” (or pharmacophoric region) and a relatively lipophilic “spacerdomain” (or linker region). The recognition domain contains structuralfeatures that are analogous to those spanning C17 through C26 to Cl,including the C ring formed in part by atoms C19 through C23, and thelactone linkage between C1 and C25 of the native bryostatin macrocycle.The spacer domain, on the other hand, joins the atoms corresponding toC1 through C17 of the native bryostatin macrocycle to substantiallymaintain the relative distance between the C1 and C17 atoms and thedirectionality of the C1C2 and C16C17 bonds, as illustrated by thearrows and distance “d” in Formula Ia (in which the substituent groupsare as defined with reference to Formula I).

In addition to its function of maintaining the recognition domain in anactive conformation, the spacer domain (shown as “L” in Formula A.1 andsometimes also referred to as a linker region) provides a moiety thatcan be readily derivatized according to known synthetic techniques togenerate analogues having improved in vivo stability and pharmacologicalproperties (e.g., by modulating side effect profiles) while retainingbiological activity.

It has been found in the present invention that the linker region of thebryostatin family can be varied significantly with retention ofactivity. Thus, a wide variety of linkers can be used while retainingsignificant anticancer and PKC-binding activities. Preferably, thecompounds of the present invention include a linker moiety L, which is alinear, cyclic, or polycyclic linker moiety containing a continuouschain of from 6 to 14 chain atoms, one embodiment of which defines theshortest path from C25 via C1 to C17. Distance “d” should be about 2.5to 5.0 angstroms, preferably about 3.5 to 4.5 angstroms and mostpreferably about 4.0 angstroms, such as about 3.92 angstroms (asexperimentally determined, for example, by NMR spectroscopy). Thus, Lmay consist solely of a linear chain of atoms that links C17 via C1 toC25, or alternatively, may contain one or more ring structures whichhelp link C17 via C1 to C25. Preferably, the linker region includes alactone group (—C(═O)O—), or a lactam group (—C(═O)NH—), which is linkedto C25 of the recognition region, by analogy to the Cl lactone moietythat is present in the naturally occurring bryostatins. In addition, itis preferred that the linker include a hydroxyl group analogous to theC3 hydroxyl found in naturally occurring bryostatins, to permitformation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the C3 hydroxyl ofthe linker and the C19 hydroxyl group of the recognition region (andoptionally with the oxygen of the native B ring). In one preferredembodiment, the linker terminates with —CH(OH)CH₂C(═O)O—, for joining toC25 of the recognition region via an ester (or when cyclized, a lactone)linkage.

Analogs of Bryostatin, when docked to the proposed binding site on thePKCδ-C1B domain in our homology model, have their C-rings deeplyembedded in the binding cavity, whereas the A- and B-rings arepositioned over and away from the enzyme, potentially interacting withother cellular components, anchoring proteins, or other portions of theenzyme upon binding and activation. As such, modifications to thisregion of the analog may be used to modulate the dynamics of theinteraction with receptors as well as the ADME characteristics of themolecule.

Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, alteration of the B-ring ofbryostatin analog will position its two heteroatoms in a differentorientation, and may alter the compound's interactions with the rimregions of the Cl binding pocket as well as trafficking of the complexupon activation, yielding desirable novel compounds of the invention.

The efficient synthesis of a novel class of B-ring analogs of bryostatinis disclosed. Significantly, this class retains the potency of thenatural product while displaying unique selectivity in the translocationof PKC isozymes.

In some embodiments of the invention, where R⁶ is H, the compounds ofthe invention differ from known bryostatins and bryostatin analogues inthat the present compounds contain a primary alcohol moiety at C26,i.e., the present analogues lack a methyl group corresponding to the C27methyl that is ordinarily present in naturally occurring bryostatins.Surprisingly, while the C27 methyl moiety was previously believed tolimit rotation of the C26 alcohol and contribute to PKC bindingaffinity, it has been found that this structural modification cansignificantly increase PKC binding and also increases efficacy againstcancer cells.

In another aspect, the present invention provides bryostatins andbryostatin analogues in which R₃ is longer (e.g., having 9 to 20 or morecarbon atoms) than the corresponding substituents at C20 in the nativebryostatins (e.g., Bryostatin 3 having an 8-carbon atom moiety).

In some embodiments of the present invention, a compound having thestructure of Formula I is provided:

-   -   where R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′,        ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C (R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′        or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₃ is independently H, —OH, or O(CO)R;    -   R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d);    -   R^(a) and R^(b) are independently f H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or        R;    -   R^(c) and R^(d) are independently H, optionally substituted        alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted        alkynyl, (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or        3;    -   R₆ is H, —OH, or R;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   the ring containing A is optionally partially unsaturated,        provided that R₄ is not ═CR^(a)R^(b) when the ring carbon to        which R₄ is attached is unsaturated;    -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   Y is O or N(R₁);    -   m is 0 or 1;    -   n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and    -   p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   and its pharmaceutically acceptable esters and salts thereof,        with the proviso that the compound does not have the structure        of Formula A

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula I has thestereochemistry of Formula IA:

In other embodiments of the invention, a compound having the structureof formula II is provided:

-   -   where R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′,        ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C (R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′        or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₃ is independently H, —OH, or O(CO)R;    -   R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d);    -   R^(a) and R^(b) are independently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or        R′;    -   R^(c) and R^(d) are independently H, optionally substituted        alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted        alkynyl, (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or        3;    -   R₆ is H, —OH, or R′;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   the ring containing A is optionally partially unsaturated,        provided that R₄ is not ═CR^(a)R^(b) when the ring carbon to        which R₄ is attached is unsaturated;    -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   Y is O or N(R_(t));    -   n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and    -   p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;    -   and its pharmaceutically acceptable esters and salts thereof.

In some embodiments of the invention the compound of Formula II has thestereochemistry of Formula IIA:

In other embodiments of the invention, a compound of Formula III isprovided:

-   -   where R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′,        ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C (R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′        or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₃ is independently H, —OH, or O(CO)R;    -   R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d);    -   R^(a) and R^(b) are independently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or        R′;    -   R^(c) and R^(d) are independently H, optionally substituted        alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted        alkynyl, (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or        3;    -   R₆ is H, —OH, or R′;    -   R₇ is H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′, —R′, halogen, —COOR′, —COOCH₂R′,        —C(R)₂—COOCH₂C═CR′, —COCH₂R′, —C(R)₂—COCH₂C═CR′, optionally        substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally        substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally        substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted haloalkyl,        optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally substituted        alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted        heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkylalkenyl, optionally        substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkylalkenyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,        optionally substituted cycloheteroalkyl, or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   the ring containing A is optionally partially unsaturated,        provided that R₄ is not ═CR^(a)R^(b) when the ring carbon to        which R₄ is attached is unsaturated;    -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   Y is O or N(R₁);    -   n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and    -   p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   and its pharmaceutically acceptable esters and salts thereof.

In some embodiments of the invention the compound of Formula III has thestereochemistry of Formula IIIA:

Exemplary compounds of Formula III include the following:

In some embodiments of the invention, a compound of Formula III isprovided, with the proviso that it is not III.B or III.C.

In yet other embodiments of the invention, a compound of Formula IV isprovided:

-   -   where R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′,        ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C(R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′        or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₃ is independently H, —OH, or O(CO)R;    -   R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d);    -   R^(a) and R^(b) are independently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or        R′;    -   R^(c) and R^(d) are independently H, optionally substituted        alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted        alkynyl, (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or        3;    -   R₆ is H, —OH, or R′;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   the ring containing A is optionally partially unsaturated,        provided that R₄ is not ═CR^(a)R^(b), when the ring carbon to        which R₄ is attached is unsaturated;    -   X₁, X₂, and X₃, are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   Y is O or N(R₁);    -   n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   j is 1 or 2, with the proviso that when j is 2, and X₁, X₂, and        X₃ are all 0, then n is not 0;    -   and its pharmaceutically acceptable esters and salts thereof.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula IV has thestereochemistry of Formula IVA:

Exemplary compounds of Formula IV include the following:

In some embodiments of the invention, a compound of Formula IV isprovided, with the proviso that it is not compound IV.A or IV.B.

In some embodiments of the invention, a compound of Formula V or FormulaVI is provided:

-   -   where R₁, R₂, and R₅ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′,        ═CH₂, ═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C(R)₂—COOR′,        —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—R′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)_(q)O(O)CR′        or —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂-haloalkyl where q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,        optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkoxy,        optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionally substituted        haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally        substituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted        heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally        substituted cycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not        violated;    -   R is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   R₆ is independently H, —OH or R;    -   R₈ is H, OH, or R;    -   R′ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″;    -   R″ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroalkyl, or optionally substituted        alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl);    -   A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁);    -   Y is O or N(R₁);    -   j and k are independently 1 or 2;    -   p is independently for each ring 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   B, D, E, G, and K are independently CR^(a)R^(b)' C═O, H, O, S,        or NR′, where R^(a) and R^(b) are independently H, —COOR′,        —CONR^(c)R^(d) or R; R^(c) and R^(d) are independently H, alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl, or (CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or 3;    -   optionally A is linked with K or G to form a substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic ring of 5-10 members having        0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms;    -   optionally B is linked with K or G to form a substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic ring of 5-10 members having        0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms;    -   optionally D is linked with K or G to form a substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic ring of 5-10 members having        0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms;    -   optionally E is linked with B, D, K, or G to form a substituted        or unsubstituted monocyclic or bicyclic ring of 5-10 members        having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms;    -   optionally E is linked with B and G or D and K to form a        substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic ring of 7-14 members        having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms;    -   optionally K is linked with B and E to form a substituted or        unsubstituted bicyclic ring of 7-14 members having 0, 1, 2, 3,        or 4 heteroatoms;    -   its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof; and        wherein any of the rings formed by linking A, B, D, E, G and/or        K may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic; and wherein the        linker linking any of the groups A, B, D, E, K or G comprises        two to seven C(R)₂ groups, and each C(R)₂ group in the linker        may be optionally substituted by a hetero atom, or —C(O)—.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula V has thestereochemistry of Formula VA.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of Formula VI has thestereochemistry of Formula VIA.

Exemplary compounds of Formula V include:

and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof.

Synthesis of the Compounds of the Invention I. Synthetic ReactionParameters

The terms “solvent”, “inert organic solvent” or “inert solvent” mean asolvent inert under the conditions of the reaction being described inconjunction therewith [including, for example, benzene, toluene,acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), dimethylformamide (“DMF”),chloroform, methylene chloride (or dichloromethane), diethyl ether,methanol, pyridine and the like]. Unless specified to the contrary, thesolvents used in the reactions of the present invention are inertorganic solvents.

The terms “protecting group” or “blocking group” refer to any groupwhich when bound to a functional group such as one or more hydroxyl,thiol, amino or carboxyl groups of the compounds (includingintermediates thereof) prevents reactions from occurring at these groupsand which protecting group can be removed by conventional chemical orenzymatic steps to reestablish the hydroxyl, thiol, amino or carboxylgroup. Examples of protection groups can be found in the literatureincluding “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis Third Edition” (T. W.Greene, P. G. M. Wuts, Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1999). Theparticular removable blocking group employed is not critical andpreferred removable hydroxyl blocking groups include conventionalsubstituents such as allyl, benzyl, acetyl, chloroacetyl, thiobenzyl,benzylidine, phenacyl, t-butyl-diphenylsilyl and any other group thatcan be introduced chemically onto a hydroxyl or like functionality andlater selectively removed either by chemical or enzymatic methods inmild conditions compatible with the nature of the product.

The term “q.s.” means adding a quantity sufficient to achieve a statedfunction, e.g., to bring a solution to the desired volume (i.e., 100%).

Unless specified to the contrary, the reactions described herein takeplace at atmospheric pressure within a temperature range from about 5°C. to 100° C. (preferably from 10° C. to 50° C.; most preferably at“room” or “ambient” temperature, e.g., 25° C.). Further, unlessotherwise specified, the reaction times and conditions are intended tobe approximate, e.g., taking place at about atmospheric pressure withina temperature range of about 5° C. to about 100° C. (preferably fromabout 10° C. to about 50° C.; most preferably about 25° C.) over aperiod of about 0.5 to about 10 hours (preferably about 1 hour).Parameters given in the Examples are intended to be specific, notapproximate.

Isolation and purification of the compounds and intermediates describedherein can be effected, if desired, by any suitable separation orpurification procedure such as, for example, distillation, filtration,extraction, crystallization, column chromatography, thin-layerchromatography or thick-layer chromatography, or a combination of theseprocedures. Specific illustrations of suitable separation and isolationprocedures can be had by reference to the general description andexamples. However, other equivalent separation or isolation procedurescan, of course, also be used.

II. Synthetic Methods

The compounds of the invention may be produced by any methods availablein the art, including chemical and biological (e.g., recombinant and invitro enzyme-catalyzed) methods. In one embodiment, the presentinvention provides a convergent synthesis in which subunits primarilycorresponding to the recognition and spacer domains are separatelyprepared and then joined by esterification-macrotransacetalization.Additional syntheses of exemplary compounds of the invention aredescribed below with reference to the Reaction Schemes. Other methods ofsynthesis may be used as known in the art. Some other methods which maybe of use in synthesizing the compounds of the invention are found in D.A. Evans, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37:2354-2359 (1998); D. A.Evans, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121:7540-7552 (1999); S. Masamune, PureAppl. Chem. 60:1587-1596 (1988); S. Masamune, Chimica 42:210-211 (1988);and P. D. Thiesen et al., J. Org. Chem. 53:2374-2378 (1988), and areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The stereochemicalrelationships illustrated for the various substituents should be takento be optional. In some embodiments of the invention; the stereochemicalrelationships corresponding to the native bryostatins are provided inthe compounds of the invention.

-   -   Reaction Scheme 1 illustrates synthesis of precursors for the        recognition domain in compounds of the invention., where R²⁰ is        H, OH, or -T-U-V-R′ where T is selected from —O—, —S—, —N(H)— or        —N(Me)—; U is absent or is selected from —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —S(O)—        or S(O)₂; and V is absent or is selected from —O—, —S—, —N(H)—        or —N(Me)—, provided that V is absent when U is absent; R²¹ is        ═CR^(a)R^(b) or R²¹ represents independent moieties R^(c) and        R^(d) where R^(a) and R^(b) are independently H, CO₂R′,        CONR^(c)R^(d) or R′; R^(c) and R^(d) are independently H, alkyl,        alkenyl or alkynyl or (CH₂)_(n)CO₂R′ where n is 1, 2 or 3; and        R′ is H, alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl or        heteroaralkyl.

Reaction Scheme 2 illustrates the further synthesis of recognitiondomains for C26 des-methyl compounds of the invention, where R²⁰ and R²¹are as defined in Scheme 1.

Reaction Scheme 3 illustrates synthesis of the protected alcoholprecursor to many of the C26 methyl analogues of the invention, whereR²⁰ and R²¹ are as defined for Scheme 1.

Reaction Scheme 4 illustrates the synthesis compounds which are suitableintermediates for “spacer” regions of bryostatin analogues, where X is aheteroatom.

Reaction Scheme 5A illustrates the synthesis compounds which aresuitable intermediates for “spacer” regions of bryostatin analogues,where X is a heteroatom, R⁸ is H, OH, ═O, R′, —(CH₂)_(n)O(O)CR′ or(CH₂)_(n)CO₂-haloalkyl where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and R′ is asdefined in Scheme 1.

Reaction Scheme 5B illustrates the synthesis compounds which aresuitable intermediates for “spacer” regions of bryostatin analogues,where R⁸ is H or R′, X is a heteroatom, and R′ is as defined in Scheme1.

Reaction Scheme 5C illustrates the synthesis compounds which aresuitable intermediates for “spacer” regions of bryostatin analogues,where X is a heteroatom.

Reaction Scheme 6 illustrates synthetic routes which produce suitableintermediates for “spacer” regions of bryostatin analogues.

Reaction Scheme 7A illustrates a synthetic route for the compounds ofFormula I and II, where X is a heteroatom, R³ is H, OH or a protectinggroup; R⁷ is absent or represents from 1 to 4 substituents on the ringto which it is attached, selected from lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino,alkoxyl, alkylamino, ═O, acylamino, or acyloxy; R²⁰ and R²¹ are asdefined in Scheme 1 and R²⁶ is H, OH or R′, where R′ as is as defined inScheme 1.

Reaction Scheme 7B illustrates a synthetic route for the compounds ofFormula III, where X is a heteroatom,

-   -   R⁸ is H, OH, ═O, R′, —(CH₂)_(n)O(O)CR′ or        (CH₂)_(n)CO₂-haloalkyl, where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and R′ is        as defined in Scheme 1; R⁹ is H, OH or is absent; R⁶ is H, H or        ═O; R³ is H, OH or a protecting group; and R²⁰, R²¹ and R²⁶ are        as defined in the previous schemes.

Reaction Scheme 8 illustrates synthesis of the compounds, particularlywhere the substituent at C26 is methyl, and the C26 des-methylanalogues, where R²⁰ and R²¹ are as defined in scheme 1.

Reaction Scheme 9 illustrates synthesis of the Compounds of Formula 903,where R²⁰ and R²¹ are as previously defined for Scheme 1.

Reaction Schemes 10 and 11 illustrate the synthesis route that may beused to prepare compounds of the invention that are further derivatizedat the C20 position, as discussed in Examples 4B, 4C and 4D.

Starting Materials. Conveniently, compounds of the invention can beprepared from starting materials that are commercially available or maybe readily prepared by those skilled in the art using commonly employedsynthetic methodology.

Reaction Scheme 1 illustrates a method for forming a synthon designatedherein as 111 which is useful for providing the recognition domain incompounds of the invention, for example as detailed in Example 1.6-(Tert-butyldimethylsilylhydroxy)-5-dimethylhexane-2,4-dione (101,Example 1B) is stirred with 2 equivalents of LDA (lithiumdiisopropylamine) in THF (tetrahydrofuran), followed by addition of 0.9equivalents of 3R-p-methoxybenzyl-4R-benzyl-hydroxypentane-1-al (102,Example 1A) to afford diastereomeric aldol mixture 103 after suitablepurification. To 103 is then added a catalytic amount ofp-methylphenylsulfonic acid (p-TsOH) with stirring at room temperaturefollowed by base quenching to produce pyranone condensation product 104as a mixture of α and β-isomers at C23 (104a and 104b). The β-isomer(104a) is separated from the α-isomer and is reacted with NaBH₄ in thepresence of CeCl₃.7H₂O, followed by quenching with aqueous brine to forman allylic alcohol (not shown) that can then be epoxidized withm-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) in 2:1 CH₂Cl₂:MeOH containing sodiumbicarbonate as a buffer to yield a C19-methoxylated C20, C21 syn-diol105. Selective benzoylation of the C21 equatorial alcohol with benzoylchloride to afford C21 monobenzoate (not shown), followed by oxidationof the C20 hydroxyl with Dess-Martin periodinane(1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one) at roomtemperature affords the corresponding 20-keto-21-benzoate product 106.Treatment of 106 with SmI₂ (2 equiv) yields a ketone 107 selectivelydeoxygenated at C21. Next, ketone 107 is reacted with LDA and OHCCO₂CH₃in THF at −78° C. to afford aldol mixture 108. After purification, 108is reacted with methanesulfonylchloride in CH₂Cl₂ containingtriethylamine, followed by reaction with DBU(1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) in THF to effect an aldolcondensation and elimination of water, to yield an α,β-unsaturatedmethyl ester (enone 109) with an E-stereoconfiguration. Treatment ofenone 109 with NaBH₄ in the presence of CeCl₃.7H₂O produces exclusivelythe C20 axial alcohol 110. This product can then be esterified at C20,with octanoic acid for example, to yield the desired synthon 111.

It will be appreciated how the foregoing procedures can be exploited ormodified to produce recognition region synthons having differentsubstituents. For example, compounds where R²¹ contains a C35 estergroup having a Z-configuration are produced during formation ofintermediate 109 (Example 1C) and can be isolated by chromatography.Similarly, other ester groups can be introduced at C35 by replacing theOHCCO₂CH₃ reactant used to form 108 above with an appropriatelysubstituted compound of the form OHCCO₂R′, in which R′ is other thanmethyl.

In addition, as detailed below, other substituents can be introduced insynthon 111 to generate substituent R²⁰ at C20 by substituting any of avariety of carboxylic acids for the octanoic acid reacted with axialalcohol 110 (as in the last step of Example 1C), including othersaturated, unsaturated, aryl, and carboxylic acids. In synthesizing thecompounds of the invention where R²⁰ has been varied, the substituent(e.g., a desired C20 ester substituent, carbonate, urea, thiourea,thiocarbamate or carbamate) can be introduced into a recognition regionsynthon prior to condensing the recognition region synthon with a linkersynthon using the procedures described in Example 4 and via othersynthetic routes well known to those skilled in the art. In Example 4A,the C20 octanoate substituent in synthon 111 can be replaced with anacetyl group by first protecting the base labile aldehyde group usingtrimethyl orthoformate to form the dimethyl acetal. The C20 octanoateester can then be cleaved using a basic solution, such as K₂CO₃ inmethanol, to afford the free C20 alcohol, followed by reaction with anactivated form of acetic acid, such as acetic anhydride or acetylchloride, to obtain the C20 acetate product. The product can then bedeprotected at the C15 aldehyde, C19 oxygen, and C25 oxygen usingbenzoquinone compound DDQ (to remove the p-methoxybenzyl group andcleave the dimethyl acetal) followed by aqueous HF (demethylation atC19) to afford the corresponding C19 alcohol. This product can then becondensed with an appropriately substituted linker synthon to produce adesired bryostatin analogue, such as analogue 702.1, as detailed inExample 4A.

The protected alcohol precursor to many of the C26-desmethyl bryostatinanalogues of the invention (the compounds of Formula A.1 where R₆ is H)can be made as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 2. Di(benzyl ether) 111can be hydrogenated over Pearlman's catalyst to produce thecorresponding C25, C26 diol 201. Treatment of the diol with leadtetraacetate yields the corresponding C25 aldehyde (not shown), with therelease of C26 and C27. Reaction of the aldehyde withCp₂Ti(Cl)CH₂Al(CH₃)₂ (Tebbe's reagent) yields C25, C26 olefin 202.Alternatively, sodium periodate can be used in place of leadtetraacetate.

Treatment of olefin 202 with HF/pyridine is effective to remove thesilyl protecting group, followed by treatment with Dess-Martinperiodinane (supra) to oxidize the C17 alcohol to an aldehyde group,affording aldehyde 203. The C25, C26 olefin of 203 can be converted toC25, C26 diol 204 by reaction with chiral dihydroxylating reagent(DHQD)₂AQN in the presence of K₃Fe(CN)₆, K₂CO₃ and K₂OsO₂(OH)₄ int-butanol. Product 204 is obtained as a 2:1 (β:α) mixture of 25-hydroxydiastereomers. The α-diastereomer can be removed later in the synthesis.Treatment of 204 with triethylsilyl chloride yields protected diol 205,which can be employed in the synthesis of the compounds of Formula I-IV.

Addition of backbone atoms corresponding to C15 and C16 of thebryostatin backbone to 205 can be accomplished in four steps. First, theC17 aldehyde is allylated with allyl diethylborane. The reaction isquenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate to yield the desired C17alkyl adduct. The C17 hydroxyl group can then be acylated with aceticanhydride in the presence of triethylamine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine(DMAP), to afford a diastereomeric mixture of homoallylic C17 acetates.This product mixture can be oxidized using N-methylmorpholine N-oxideand osmium tetraoxide, followed by neutralization with sodiumbicarbonate. After extraction, the residue is reacted with leadtetraacetate, followed by addition of DBU to cause elimination of theacetate group, yielding enal 206.

The C25 hydroxyl group of 206 can be unmasked in preparation for closureof the macrocycle as follows. First, enal 206 is treated with aqueoushydrofluoric acid to provide a crude diol intermediate in which the C19methoxy group is converted to a free hydroxyl. Next, the diol product isreacted with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl) in the presence ofimidazole to produce alcohol 207 containing a C25 hydroxyl group and C26OTBS group as a 2:1 (β:α) mixture of C25 diastereomers. Silica gelchromatography can be used to resolve the diastereomers, affording the βdiastereomer in 50-60% yield.

The protected alcohol precursor to many of the C26-methyl bryostatinanalogues of the invention (Formula I-VI where R⁶ is methyl) can be madeas illustrated in Reaction Scheme 3, via methods analogous to thepreparations for 205 and 206. Deprotection and acylation of formula IIImay be accomplished by methods well known in the art.

Linker synthons for the compounds of Formulas I, II or III (where X₁,X₂, X₃ and X₄ is a heteroatom) can be prepared, for example, asillustrated with reference to Reaction Scheme 4, and later described inExamples 2A and 2B. These compounds contain two rings that are analogousto the A and B rings of bryostatin, but lack the naturally occurringsubstituents at C7, C8, C9, and C13. The presence of a heteroatom, suchas an oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom (the lone electron pair of whichis stabilized) in place of C14 does not adversely affect activity of theend product, but is required for transacetylization in the latersynthetic steps. The compounds of formulae 406 and 408 differ in that402 provides a protecting group precursor for a hydroxyl group attachedto C3, whereas 406 does not provide for a hydroxyl at C3.

The linker synthons for the compounds of Formula IV (in which X₁, X₂,and X₃ is a heteroatom), which contain a B-ring-like structure but lackan A-ring, are prepared, for example, as illustrated with reference toReaction Schemes 5A through 5C. Examples 2C and 2D describe methods forpreparing synthons 504 and 508. In both examples, R⁸ is a tert butylgroup attached to C9. However, with reference to the preparation of 505,the t-BuLi reactant can be replaced by R′Li to generate thecorresponding linker synthons of 508 where R⁸ is R′. 504 additionallycontains a TMS protecting group for synthesis of the compounds where ahydroxyl is attached to C9, rather than hydrogen. Also, both synthonscontain a TBS protecting group for the compounds where R³ is a hydroxylgroup attached to C3. Example 2E describes the corresponding method formaking synthon 507, which is unsubstituted at C9. Example 2G describes amethod for preparing linker synthons in which C5 is provided as an estercarbonyl. In addition, the synthons in this Example contain an R⁶substituent that is preferably a saturated or unsaturated substituentcontaining 1 to 20 carbon atoms and optionally (1) one or more oxygenatoms and (2) optionally one or more nitrogen atoms. In synthon 514 inExample 2G, R⁸ is —C(CH₃)₂CH₂OC(═O)C₁₃H₂₇. However, other R⁶substituents can be introduced by suitable modification of the procedureas will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the chemical arts.

Synthesis of a completely acyclic linker synthon 606 (where neither anA- nor a B-ring-like structure is present) is described with referenceto Reaction Scheme 6 and in Example 2F.

As illustrated with reference to Reaction Scheme 7A, and furtherdescribed in Example 3A, an alcohol such as 207, 303 or 304 is reactedwith an acid such as 406 or 408 in a two step process to form thedesired macrocyclic structure. After in situ conversion of the acid(408) to a mixed anhydride, the alcohol (207) is added to form ester701. The ketal portion of 408 is then joined (in a process referred toas macrotransacetylization) to C15 of 701 by adding 70% HF/pyridinehydrofluoric acid to catalyze cleavage of the menthone ketal, cleavageof the TBS ethers at C3 and C26, and formation of a new ketal betweenthe C15 aldehyde group and the linker diol moiety generated by releaseof the menthone (where X is oxygen), to afford desired analogue ofFormulas I, II, and III where X₁, X₂, X₃ and X₄ are heteroatoms and R²⁶is H (starting with alcohol 207) or methyl (starting with 303 or 304),i.e., compound of formula 702. This last reaction is also effective toset the stereocenter at C15 to a thermodynamically preferredconfiguration. The analogous synthesis of compounds of Formula IV (whereX₁, X₂, and X₃ are heteroatoms), first forming the ether bond between C1and C25, is illustrated with reference to Reaction Scheme 7B (whereformula 703 corresponds to any of formulae 504, 507, 508 or 513) andfurther described in Example 3C.

As illustrated with reference to Reaction Scheme 8, and furtherdescribed in Example 3B, compounds of formula 807 can be made frompharmacophoric synthon 801 and linker synthon 606 from Example 2F.

Reaction Scheme 9 illustrates synthesis of the compounds of Formula 903,e.g., as further described in Example 3D, from synthon 111 and anactivated dicarboxylic acid (succinic anhydride) to give formula 903.

Although the bryostatin analogues produced in Examples 3B, 3C and 3D allcontain a C27 methyl group, analogous C26 desmethyl analogues can bereadily synthesized using an appropriate C26 desmethyl synthon, such asC26 desmethyl synthon 207 described in Example 1C and by other methodsknown in the art.

As illustrated with reference to Reaction Scheme 10, synthesis of a C20heptanoate ester 43 is described in Example 4B, using a similar reactionscheme to that employed in Example 4A, except that heptenoic acid in thepresence of triethylamine, DMAP, and Yamaguchi's agent is used in placeof acetic anhydride. Yamaguchi's reagent is again employed in step f toactivate the COOH group of formula 6, followed by removal of the TBSgroup in step g, hydrolysis of the menthone and transacetylization instep h, and saturation of the double bond upon removal of the benzylgroup by hydrogenolysis in step i. Synthesis of a C20 myristate esteranalogue 48 (14 carbon atom chain) is illustrated with reference toReaction Scheme 11 and described in Example 4C. Reaction Scheme 11 andExample 4D describes synthesis of a bryostatin analogue containing anaryl ester group (benzoate) at C20, by suitable adaptation of theprocedure in Example 1C for making compound 207. It will be appreciatedhow these procedures can be modified to introduce other C20 esters bysubstituting the starting materials necessary to produce the desiredproducts. In particular, C26 des-methyl analogues can be made using anappropriate C26 des-methyl synthon, such as 207 noted above.

The lactam analogues of the invention (wherein Y attached to C25 is NH)are obtained by converting the C25 hydroxyl group (e.g., of formula 207)to an amine under Mitsonobu conditions, after first protecting thealdehyde (and the C19 hydroxyl group in the corresponding compounds inReaction Schemes 10 and 11) followed by formation of the macrocycle andde-protection under conditions analogous to those employed for thelactone analogues, as will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Lactamembodiments, can also be prepared by performing an aminohydroxylationreaction, instead of dihydroxylation with OsO₄ (employingprotection/deprotection as described above). Chiral ligands for thisreaction are known, and can be used to influence the stereochemicaland/or regiochemical outcomes of the aminohydroxylation. This strategycan be employed on substrates in which the terminal alkene of the abovescheme is further substituted, thereby providing access to compoundswherein R²⁶ is other than hydrogen. Such starting materials can beprepared by cleaving the olefin to the aldehyde (e.g., by OsO₄/periodateor ozonolysis) and performing a Wittig or other olefination reaction toobtain a desired secondary alkene.

The C26 des-methyl bryostatin homologues of the invention can beobtained by substituting homologous des-methyl starting materials forthe starting materials. Other synthetic methodology will be apparent tothose skilled in the art given the objective of providing such C26des-methyl bryostatin homologues.

In certain embodiments, the fragment corresponding to the recognitiondomain (or C-ring portion) of bryostatin is prepared by a method thatincludes one or more of the steps illustrated with regard to ReactionSchemes 12 to 15, wherein:

R′, R²⁰ and R²⁶ are as defined above (for example, R²⁰ being —O₂CR′ or—O₂CNHR′);

R* represents, independently for each occurrence, H or a lower alkylgroup such as methyl or ethyl;

q represents 0 or 1;

E represents an aldehyde, hydroxymethyl, carboxyl group, or a protectedform thereof, such as CHO, CH₂OP, CH(OP)₂, or CO₂P;

P represents H or a protecting group, including protecting groupswherein two occurrences of P, taken together, form a ring having 5-7members including the atoms through which they are connected (e.g.,CH(OP)₂ may represent a cyclic acetal, e.g., with ethylene glycol orpinacol); and

G is absent or represents P.

With respect to the reactions illustrated in Reaction Schemes 13 to 15,the group identified as R′ is preferably hydrogen or lower alkyl (suchas methyl or ethyl).

In certain embodiments wherein P is a protecting group for a hydroxyl, Prepresents a trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, benzyl, substitutedbenzyl, benzhydryl, substituted benzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl,triphenylmethyl, substituted triarylmethyl, naphthyldiphenylmethyl, 2-or 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl-N-oxide,4-(4′-bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl,4,4′,4″-tris(4,5-dichloro-phthalamidophenyl)methyl,4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl,4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxy-phenyl)methyl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, pivaloyl,adamantoyl, and 2,2,2-trichloroethylcarbonyl.

In certain embodiments wherein P is a protecting group for an acetal, Prepresents lower alkyl (such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, etc.) or,taken together with a second occurrence of P, represents a loweralkylene group (such as CH₂CH₂, CH₂CMe₂CH₂, etc.).

In certain embodiments wherein P is a protecting group for a carboxylicacid, P represents dialkylarylsilyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl,trichloroethyl, t-butyl, trimethylsilylethyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl(such as allyl), or other suitable protecting group.

In certain embodiments, E represents a carboxylic acid derivative thatcan be readily converted to an aldehyde, such as a thioester (reductionby triethylsilane in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst),CONMe(OMe) (reduction by a hydride reagent), an ester (reduction bydiisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H)), etc. Other such groups andreaction conditions are well known to those of skill in the art.

The starting materials for Reaction Schemes 13 and 14 can be prepared,for example, as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 12, where R²⁶ is asdefined in scheme 7A.

In one embodiment, compound 12A can be converted to compound 12B byreaction with an acetone enolate or equivalent thereof, such as alithium or magnesium anion of the N,N-dimethylhydrazone of acetone.Alternatively, the methyl ester of 12A can be reduced to an aldehyde(e.g., by reduction with DIBAL-H, or reduction by lithium aluminumhydride (LAH) followed by Swern oxidation), followed by aldol additionwith an acetone enolate or equivalent and oxidation of the aldol productto the diketone. The dienolate of diketone 12B can then be reacted withaldehyde 12C to give aldol product 12F, which can be subsequentlyprotected and/or reduced at the C²¹ ketone selectively (e.g., withtetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride, with an aldehyde in thepresence of a Lewis acid via an intramolecular hydride transfer, etc.).

Alternatively, ester 12A can be converted to ketone 12E, e.g., byreduction to the aldehyde, reaction with methyllithium or methylmagnesium halide, and oxidation to the ketone. Aldehyde 12C can beextended to aldehyde 12D by aldol addition of an acetaldehyde equivalent(e.g., reaction with an allylsilane, allylborane, or allyltin reagentfollowed by ozonolysis or dihydroxylation/periodate cleavage, reactionwith a silyl ketene acetal of an acetate ester in the presence of aLewis acid catalyst such as TiCl₃(OiPr), TiCl₂(OiPr)₂, SnCl₄, orSn(OTf)₂ followed by reduction to the aldehyde, reaction of an enolateof an acetate ester followed by reduction to the aldehyde, etc. For manyof these reactions, chiral reagents or ligands are available that may beused to favor a desired diastereomer of the aldol product, while othersmay be sufficiently stereoselective without use of a chiral reagent. Anenolate of ketone 12E can then be added to aldehyde 12D to arrive ataldol 12F by a different route.

Compounds wherein q is 0 can be readily converted to compounds wherein qis 1 as is described in detail above, e.g., by converting 12E to analdehyde and performing a Horner-Emmons reaction with a phosphonoacetatereagent, performing a Peterson reaction with a trimethylsilylacetatereagent, or by other techniques known to those of skill in the art ordescribed above.

Compounds useful in executing this strategy also include compoundsrepresented by Formula 12G, where R²⁶ is as previously defined:

where, as valence and stability permit, q, E, P, G and R²⁶ are asdefined above (with and without regard to the illustrated stereochemicalrelationships).

In Reaction Scheme 13 (below, R²⁶ is as defined previously) Step a canbe performed by treating the diketone compound 12F (produced asdescribed in Reaction Scheme 12, where G at C₂₁ is absent) with acid,preferably under conditions that favor the removal of the watergenerated, such as distillation of the generated water (optionally as anazeotrope), addition of a dehydrating agent (such as molecular sieves, acarboxylic acid anhydride, or sodium or calcium sulfate), or othersuitable means. If P on the C23 hydroxyl represents a protecting group,the cyclization can be performed under conditions that selectivelyremove this protecting group, or this protecting group can be removedprior to the cyclization.

Step b can be performed by a series of reactions. For example, step bmay begin with reduction of the ketone 13A with a hydride source, suchas lithium or sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, etc. Incertain embodiments, a reduction selective for the ketone over theunsaturation is performed, such as a Luche reduction (sodium borohydridein the presence of cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate). Oxidation of thealkene can then be performed with monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate(MMPP), by epoxidation (e.g., with mCPBA, or dimethyldioxirane), or bydihydroxylation (e.g., with osmium tetroxide, optionally with anasymmetric ligand as is well known in the art). The product of theoxidation, if performed in the presence of water, will be the hemiketal,and if performed in the presence of an alcohol, will be thecorresponding mixed ketal.

The present invention also encompasses the intermediate compounds usefulin executing this strategy, including the compounds of Formulae 13A and13B (with and without regard to the illustrated stereochemicalrelationships).

Compounds where R²⁰ is H can be prepared by a method including one ormore steps of the following sequence:

Step a can be performed starting with a compound of Formula 12F(produced as described in Reaction Scheme 12, where G at C₂₁ ishydrogen) by an acid-catalyzed cyclization in a reaction mixtureincluding an alcohol HOR*, preferably as a solvent or cosolvent, inorder to form the mixed ketal. If P on the C23 hydroxyl represents aprotecting group, the cyclization can be performed under conditions thatselectively remove this protecting group (and possibly also anyprotecting group at C21), or one or both of these protecting groups canbe removed prior to the cyclization.

Step b can be performed by oxidation of the C21 alcohol (e.g., by Swernoxidation, Dess-Martin periodinane, etc.), after removing any protectinggroup at this position, followed by reaction with a reagent such asR′O₂CCH₂SiMe₃ or R′O₂CCH₂PO₃Me₂. Optionally, a chiral phosophonoacetate(e.g., a phosphonate ester of BINOL, or other chiral diols or alcohols)or phosphonamidoacetate (e.g., a phosphonate derivative of ephedrine oranother chiral aminoalcohol) may be employed in order to favor thedesired stereochemical outcome of the enoate installation. Subsequentsteps may be performed in analogy to well known procedures as discussedabove.

In embodiments wherein q is 0, extension to embodiments wherein q is 1can be readily accomplished by reaction of a compound wherein E is analdehyde and q is 0 with a reagent such as Li—CH═CHOEt, ECH₂P(O)(OMe)₂,ECH₂SiMe₃, etc., wherein E represents an aldehyde or ester moiety. Incertain preferred embodiments, a compound wherein E is aldehyde and q is0 is converted to a compound wherein E is aldehyde and q is 1 bytreatment with a preparation of a 2-alkoxyvinyllithium (such as2-ethoxyvinyllithium) and a dialkylzinc (such as dimethylzinc), followedby treatment with acid, such as HCl, to convert the beta-hydroxyenolether adduct to the unsaturated aldehyde, as is described in greaterdetail below. Other suitable reagents will be well known to those ofskill in the art.

The present invention also encompasses the intermediate compounds usefulin executing this strategy, including the compounds of Formulae 14A and14B (with and without regard to the illustrated stereochemicalrelationships).

Alternatively, the C-ring fragment analog for compounds where R²⁶ is Hcan be prepared as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 15.

In this scheme, alcohol 15A can be oxidized to an aldehyde (e.g., bySwern or TPAP/NMO oxidation), followed by addition of a Grignard orlithium reagent derived from a 4-halo-1-butanol, such as 4-chloro- or4-bromo-1-butanol. Both alcohols of 15B can then be oxidized (e.g., bySwern or TPAP/NMO oxidation), followed by selective addition of an allylgroup to the aldehyde (e.g., by treatment with an allylstannane orallylsilane in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, optionally in thepresence of a chiral ligand for the Lewis acid, such as BINOL, Ti(OPr)₄,and B(OMe)₃ together) to give ketoalcohol 15C. Cyclization andelaboration of this piece can be performed in analogy with the schemepresented above, for example, by cyclizing in the presence of an acidunder dehydrating conditions, followed by oxidation of the enol etherwith magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate (MMPP), and oxidation ofthe resulting alcohol (e.g., by Swern or TPAP/NMO oxidation) to giveketone 15D. The exocyclic enoate can then be installed by an aldolcondensation with methyl glyoxylate, e.g., by forming the lithium anionof ketone 15D with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) under anhydrousconditions, or in an alcoholic solvent (such as methanol) in thepresence of a base (such as sodium, potassium, or cesium carbonate). Theterminal alkene can then be oxidized to the diol (e.g., by OsO₄ orcertain hypervalent iodine reagents), optionally in the presence of achiral ligand, as is well known in the art. Embodiments wherein q is 0can be converted to embodiments wherein q is 1 as described in detailabove.

The present invention also encompasses the intermediate compounds usefulin executing this strategy, including the compounds of Formulae 15C,15D, 15E and 15F (with and without regard to the illustratedstereochemical relationships).

In certain embodiments, a fragment analogous to the A and B rings ofbryostatin can be prepared for incorporation into an analog of thepresent invention by a method including the steps illustrated inReaction Scheme 16, where the substituents R*, and P are as definedabove, and R⁷ is absent or represents from 1 to 4 substituents on thering to which it is attached, selected from lower alkyl, hydroxyl,amino, alkoxyl, alkylamino, ═O, acylamino, or acyloxy:

Thus, a glutaric diester 16A can be condensed with a dienolate of anacetoacetate ester to provide diketoester 16B, followed by reduction ofthe two ketones to give diol 16C. One ketone can be reduced by a Noyorihydrogenation in the presence of a chiral catalyst to impart a firstasymmetric center, and the second can be reduced stereoselectively usingthe newly formed stereocenter (tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydridefor anti, Et₂BOMe and NaBH₄ for syn, for example). Acid-catalyzedlactonization followed by protection of the remaining alcohol to givelactone 16D provides a substrate for a second reaction with a dienolateof an acetoacetate ester to give ketoester 16E. Acid-catalyzed reductionof the hemiketal with triethylsilane, or dehydration of the hemiketalfollowed by hydrogenation, generates the tetrahydropyran of the A-ringanalog. The remaining ketone can be reduced using a Noyori hydrogenationfor a second time, or by hydride reduction in the presence of achelating Lewis acid to take advantage of the tetrahydropyranstereochemistry, thereby producing alcohol 16F. Optionally, the terminal1,3-diol can be converted to a ketal 16G in the presence of acid and aketone, ketal, or enol ether.

The present invention also encompasses the intermediate compounds usefulin executing this strategy, including the compounds of Formulae 16E, 16Fand 16G (with and without regard to the illustrated stereochemicalrelationships). Compounds useful in executing this strategy also includecompounds represented by Formulae 16H, 161 and 16J, where R⁷ and E areas previously defined:

In certain embodiments, a fragment analogous to the A and B rings ofbryostatin can be prepared for incorporation into an analog of thepresent invention by a method including the steps illustrated inReaction Scheme 17.

The synthesis of spacer domain 17J began with allyl Grignard addition tothe lactone 17E, in four steps from commercial material 17A ((a) LDA,4-benzyloxy-2-butanone, −78° C., (b) [(S)-BINAP]RuCl₂, MeOH, H₂, (95atm), 30° C., (c) silica, PhMe, reflux, 95%, (d) TBDPSCl, imid., DMF,85%), followed by selective reduction with triethylsilane to generatethe cis stereoisomer 17F. Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation usingK₂OsO₄, (DHQD)₂pyr, K₃Fe₃(CN)₆, K₂CO₃, in tBuOH:H₂O (1:1), at 0° C.yielded a 9:1 mixture of inseparable diol diastereomers which were thenprotected as the acetonide by reaction with 2,2-dimethoxypropane withPPTS in DMF. The selectivity of the dihydroxylation was particularlysignificant given the influence this stereocenter has on the C15 acetalposition. After diol protection, the diastereomers were separated toprovide the major isomer 17G. Deprotection of the benzyl ether (H₂ (13atm), Pd(OH)₂, EtOAc) and subsequent oxidation of the primary alcohol1711 (TEMPO, NaOCl, NaClO₂, CH₃CN, pH 7 buffer, 45° C.) afforded thecompleted spacer domain 17J.

Macrocyclization of the spacer domain of the class of 17J is shown inReaction Scheme 18, illustrated for one example of C ring precursor,compound 18A.

Coupling of 17J with recognition domain 18A proceeded via a mild andefficient two-step process. Yamaguchi esterification, using2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride with DMAP and triethylamine in toluene,followed by a one-step tandem global deprotection and intramoleculartransacetalization (HF•pyr, THF, −78° C.→rt) gave the completed analog18B as a single diastereomer. In the case of the synthesis of analog 2,containing the six-membered acetonide, the final deprotection andtransacetalization step required 16 h of exposure to HF-pyridine. Thefive-membered acetonide formed more slowly, requiring 37 h for completeconversion. This macrocyclization is the first in this series involvingfive-membered ring formation and thus extends the scope of this processto 1,2-diols, which can be readily derived from the dihydroxylation ofalkenes, opening up other routes to these compounds. In Schemes 17 and18, R may be equivalent to R1 defined in Formulae I-VI. Thus, othercompounds of this class are envisioned as shown for compound class 18C.

In certain embodiments, a fragment analogous to the A and B rings ofbryostatin can be prepared for incorporation into an analog of thepresent invention by a method including the steps illustrated inReaction Scheme 19.

The spacer domains of analogs which do not possess a full A ring arepseudo-C₂-symmetric with respect to the axis bisecting the A-ringoxygen. This pseudosymmetry was exploited to efficiently and stepeconomically synthesize B-ring analogs lacking the A-ring. The Blaisereaction ((a) Zn dust, Cp₂TiCl₂ in THF) proceeded in high yield to join2 equiv of acetate 19A to symmetric ether 19B to produce the symmetricbis-β-keto ester 19C. This diketone smoothly underwent a double Noyoriasymmetric reduction ((b) H₂, [R-BINAP]RuBr₂ in EtOH, selectivelyproducing only one detectable isomer), which was subsequently silylprotected ((c) TBSCl, imidazole, methylene chloride) to yield 19D.Desymmetrization via monoreduction of one tert-butyl ester to thealcohol ((d) LiEt₃BH in THF at 0° C.) was followed by oxidation to thealdehyde ((e) DMP, NaHCO₃ in methylene chloride). Brown's allylation((f) (−)-(Ipc)₂ BOMe, allyl MgBr in ether at −78 C) and subsequentprotection (TBSCl, imidazole in methylene chloride) furnished 19E. Thisintermediate was then taken on to spacer domain 19F by cleavage of thetert-butyl ester ((h) (i) TBSOTf, 2,6-lutidine, methylene chloride; (ii)potassium carbonate, H₂O/THF).

Alternatively, intermediate 19E was also converted to a second spacerdomain 19G through a three-step sequence. Oxidative cleavage of theterminal olefin ((i) NaIO₄, KMnO₄, tBuOH, pH7 buffer) and conversion tothe allyl ester ((j) allyl bromide, NaHCO₃ in DMF) was followed byselective deprotection of the tert-butyl ester ((k) potassium carbonate,H₂O/THF) to give completed spacer domain 19G.

Macrocyclization of the spacer domains of the classes including 19F and19G is shown in Reaction Scheme 20, illustrated for one example of Cring precursor, compound 18A.

The spacer regions 19F and 19G are coupled individually to therecognition domain 18A using Yamaguchi's esterificatin procedure ((s)2,4,6, trichlorobenzoyl chloride, triethylamine, DMAP, toluene at roomtemperature). The macrocycles are closed and the silyl protecting groupsare removed in a one step mild and diastereoselectivemacrotransacetalization, providing completed analogs 20A and 20Brespectively. The newly formed C15 stereocenter in each analog was setunder thermodynamic control affording only the cis-diequatorialdioxolane B-ring.

In certain embodiments, a fragment analogous to the A and B rings ofbryostatin can be prepared for incorporation into an analog of thepresent invention by a method including the steps illustrated inReaction Scheme 21.

The synthesis of the spacer domains 21F and 21G began with silylprotection ((a) TBSCl, imidazole in DMF) of hydroxy ester 21A (sevensteps from commercially available methyl glutaryl chloride) followed byreduction ((b) LiEt₃BH in THF at −78° C.) and reoxidation ((c) DMP,methylene chloride) to provide aldehyde 21B. Asymmetric allylation ((d)(−) (Ipc)₂BOMe, allyl MgBr) was then used to set the C13 stereocenter,giving a homoallylic alcohol that was silylated ((e) TBSCl, imidazole inDMF) to provide 21C. The configuration of the newly set secondaryalcohol was confirmed by analysis of the corresponding C11/C13 acetonideusing Rychnovsky's method (Rychnovsky et al. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31,9).

To avoid reduction of the newly installed allyl group, the Cl benzylgroup of 21C was deprotected using dissolving metal conditions ((f) Na°,NH₃, −78° C.). Interestingly, these conditions also partially reducedthe phenyl substituent of the C3 TBDPS group, which was readilyreoxidized with DDQ in methylene chloride to provide 21D. Oxidation ofthe newly revealed primary Cl alcohol ((j) TEMPO, NaOCl, NAClO₂, MeCN,pH 7 buffer, 50° C.) to the carboxylic acid completed the synthesis ofspacer domain 21F.

Intermediate 21C was separately subjected to oxidative cleavage ((h)NaIO₄, KMnO₄, tBuOH, pH 7 buffer) to reveal a carboxylic acid.Hydrogenolysis ((i) Pd(OH)₂/C, H₂ (240 psi), THF) of the Cl benzyl etherprovided 21E, which was then esterified with allyl alcohol ((k) allylalcohol, DIC, DMAP in methylene chloride). Finally, the Cl alcohol wasoxidized to the carboxylic acid ((l) TEMPO, NaOCl, NAClO₂, MeCN, pH 7buffer, 50° C.) to provide completed spacer domain 21G.

Macrocyclization of the spacer domains of the classes including 21F and21G is shown in Reaction Scheme 22, illustrated for one example of Cring precursor, compound 18A.

The spacer domains are coupled individually to the recognition domain18A as in Scheme 20, The spacer regions 21F and 21G are coupledindividually to the recognition domain 18A using Yamaguchi'sesterificatin procedure ((s) 2,4,6, trichlorobenzoyl chloride,triethylamine, DMAP, toluene at room temperature). The macrocycles areclosed and the silyl protecting groups are removed in a one step mildand diastereoselective macrotransacetalization, providing completedanalogs 22A and 22B respectively. The newly formed C15 stereocenter ineach analog was set under thermodynamic control affording only thecis-diequatorial dioxolane B-ring.

III. Preferred Processes and Last Steps

A C19, C26 hydroxyl-protected, C26 des-methyl bryostatin recognitiondomaine precursor and an optionally protected linker synthon areesterified, macrotransacetylated and de-protected to give thecorresponding C26 des-methyl bryostatin analogue.

A bryostatin analogue precursor having the C26 hydroxyl substituted by aprotecting group (particularly OBn) is reduced to give the correspondingcompounds of Formulae I-VI.

Serine is substituted for threonine in a Masamune's C17-C26 southernbryostatin synthesis to yield the corresponding C26 des-methyl sulfone,which in turn is employed in synthesis of a C26 des-methyl bryostatinhomologue.

A pyran-4-ol of Formula 404 is converted to the correspondingpyran-2-yl-acetaldehyde of Formula 405 under reaction conditionsincluding the presence of isobutylvinyl ether and Hg(II) diacetate. Thereaction conditions further include carrying the crude vinylated pyranforward without delay, contacting it with anhydrous decane.

A diketone of Formula 12F is converted to the correspondingdihydropyranone of Formula 13A under reaction conditions including thepresence of an acid, particularly where R²⁶ represents H or C₁ to C₆alkyl. The reaction conditions can further include means for removingwater.

A ketone of Formula 12F is converted to a tetrahydropyran of Formula 14Aunder reaction conditions including the presence of an acid and analcohol (R*OH), particularly where R²⁶ represents H or C₁ to C₆ alkyl.The alcohol can be present as a solvent or cosolvent making up at least20% of total solvent.

A ketone of Formula 15C is converted to the correspondingdihydropyranone of Formula 15D under reaction conditions including thepresence of an acid. The reaction conditions can further include meansfor removing water.

A ketone of Formula 15D is converted to the corresponding ketoenoate ofFormula 15E under reaction conditions including the presence of an alkylglutarate ester.

An optionally protected lactone of Formula 16E is contacted with adienolate of an ester of acetoacetate under conditions that provide thecorresponding tetrahydropyran of Formula 16F.

A compound of Formula I-VI is contacted with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable acid to form the corresponding acid addition salt.

A pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of Formula I-VI iscontacted with a base to form the corresponding compound of FormulaI-VI.

Also preferred is a stereospecific synthesis for preparing a bryostatinanalog, having a step selected from the group:

particularly where the starting material for Step 13a, 14a, 15c, 15d or16d has one or more of the stereochemical configurations represented byformulae 12F, 12F, 15C, 15D or 16D, respectively, and especially where:

R⁷ is absent;

R²⁰ is H, OH, —O₂C-lower alkyl or —O₂C-alkenyl;

R²⁶ is H or OH;

R′ is independently selected from: H and methyl;

R* is independently selected from: H and methyl;

q is 1;

E is OPMB, TBSO—CH₂— or —C(O)H; and/or

P is H, benzyl, OPMB or TBSO.

Further preferred are those processes where:

-   -   Step 13a takes place under reaction conditions including the        presence of an acid;    -   Step 14a takes place under reaction conditions including the        presence of an acid and an alcohol of the formula R*—OH, where        R* is lower alkyl;    -   Step 15c takes place under reaction conditions including the        presence of an acid;    -   Step 15d takes place under reaction conditions including the        presence of an alkyl glutarate ester; and/or    -   Step 16d takes place under reaction conditions including the        presence of a dienolate of an ester of acetoacetate.

IV. Preferred Compounds

The following substituents, compounds and groups of compounds arepresently preferred, with reference to Formulae I-VI.

In the compounds of Formulae I-VI, it is preferred that R⁶ is H. Mostpreferred are the compounds of Formula I, II and III where R⁶ is H, andof those where X₁, X₂, X₃ and X₄ is oxygen. Of the compounds where R⁶ isH, additionally preferred are those compounds where R₃ is O₂CR′,especially where R′ is alkyl (preferably about C₇-C₂₀ alkyl), alkenyl(preferably about C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl such as CH₃—CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH—CH═CH—) oraryl (preferably phenyl or naphthyl). Another group of preferredcompounds where R⁶ is H are those where R⁴ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) (especiallywhere one of R^(a) or R^(b) is H and the other is CO₂R′, and preferablywhere R′ is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, most preferably lower alkyl such as methyl).Further preferred are compounds of Formulae I-IV where A is 0.

The compounds of Formulae I-VI, are preferred where R₃ is O₂CR′ and R′is alkyl (preferably about C₇-C₂₀ alkyl), alkenyl (preferably aboutC₇-C₂₀ alkenyl such as CH₃—CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH—CH═CH—) or aryl (preferablyphenyl or naphthyl). Particularly preferred are those compounds where R₃is O₂CR′ and R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) (especially where one of R^(a) or R^(b)is H and the other is CO₂R′, and preferably where R′ is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl,most preferably lower alkyl such as methyl). Further preferred are thecompounds where R⁶ is H and/or Y is —O—.

The compounds of Formulae I-VI, are preferred where R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b)(especially where one of R^(a) or R^(b) is H and the other is CO₂R′, andpreferably where R′ is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, most preferably lower alkyl such asmethyl). Further preferred are the compounds where R⁶ is H and/or Y is—O—.

Of the compounds according to Formula A.1, it is preferred that L be agroup having from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms. Also preferred arethose compounds where distance “d” (in Formula Ia) is about 2.5 to 5.0angstroms, preferably about 3.5 to 4.5 angstroms and most preferablyabout 4.0 angstroms, such as about 3.92 angstroms. Further preferred arethose compounds where L contains a hydroxyl on the carbon atomcorresponding to C3 in the native bryostatin structure.

Of the compounds according to Formulae I-III, it is preferred that X₁,X₂, X₃ and X₄ is oxygen. Other preferred compounds of Formulae W, V andVI are those where X₁, X₂, and X₃ are O. Further preferred are thecompounds where R⁶ is H and/or Y is —O—.

Further preferred are the compounds where R₆ is H and/or Y is —O—.

Of the compounds according to Formulae I, II, and III it is preferredthat R₃ is O₂CR′ where R′ is alkyl (preferably about C₇-C₂₀ alkyl),alkenyl (preferably about C₇-C₂₀ alkenyl such asCH₃—CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH—CH═CH—) or aryl (preferably phenyl or naphthyl). Ofthese, further preferred are the compounds where R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b)(especially where one of R^(a) or R^(b) is H and the other is CO₂R′, andpreferably where R′ is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, most preferably lower alkyl such asmethyl). Also preferred are those compounds where R₆ is H and/or Y is—O—.

Of the compounds according to Formula IV, it is preferred that R₁ is H,alkyl (especially t-butyl), aralkyl, —CH₂(CH₃)₂—CH₂—O—R [particularlywhere R is COCH₂C1, COt-Bu, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoate, or myristate] or—(CH₂)_(n)O(O)CR′ [particularly where R′ is alkyl]. Further preferredare those compounds where R₃ is OH, R⁶ is H and/or Y is —O—.

The compounds according to Formula 12G, particularly where R²⁶ is H orC₁-C₆ alkyl.

The compounds according to Formula 13A, particularly where R²⁶ is H orC₁-C₆ alkyl.

The compounds according to Formula 13B, particularly where R²⁶ is H orC₁-C₆ alkyl.

The compounds according to Formulae 15C, 15D and/or 15E.

The compounds according to Formula 15F where q is zero.

The compounds according to Formulae 16H, 161 and/or 16J, particularlywhere R⁷ is absent.

The compounds according to Formulae 204, 207, 304 (and the C26-desmethylhomologue of 304), and 502.

The compounds according to Formula 705, particularly where R²⁶ is Hand/or where R⁸ and R⁹ are H.

Further preferred are those compounds that combine various of theabove-mentioned features. The single isomers highlighted in the reactionschemes and examples are also preferred.

Also preferred (individually, collectively and in any combination) arethe compounds having the structures represented by the followingformulae, where each variable is as previously defined in the priorsynthetic Schemes:

particularly those compounds having one or more of the illustratedstereochemical configurations. Similarly preferred are the syntheticprocesses leading to the above compounds and carrying those that areintermediates forward.

Presently, most preferred is the compound of Formulae I, II and IIIwhere X₁, X₂, X₃ and X₄ is oxygen, R₃ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R₄ is ═CH—CO₂Meand R₆ is H.

Methods of Use

Hosts, including mammals and particularly humans, suffering from any ofthe disorders described herein, including abnormal cell proliferationand other PKC related disorders, can be treated by administering to thehost an effective amount of a bryostatin analogue as described herein,or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, solvate, ester, and/or saltthereof, optionally in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or diluent. The active materials can be administered by anyappropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally, intramuscularly,intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, transdermally,bronchially, pharyngolaryngeally, intranasally, topically, rectally,intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, bucally,intrathecally, or as an oral or nasal spray.

The active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or diluent in an amount sufficient to deliver to the host atherapeutically effective amount of compound to treat, for example,abnormal cell proliferation in vivo, without causing serious toxiceffects in the host treated. It is to be understood that for anyparticular subject, specific dosage regimens can be adjusted over timeaccording to the individual need and the professional judgment of theperson administering or supervising the administration of thecompositions. The active ingredient may be administered at once, or maybe divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varyingintervals of time.

A pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or prodrug, as used herein,represents those prodrugs of the compounds of the present inventionwhich are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for usein contact with the tissues of hosts, such as humans and mammals withoutundue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective fortheir intended use. Prodrugs of the present invention may be rapidlytransformed in vivo to a parent compound of formula (I), for example, byhydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi andV. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, V. 14 of the A.C.S.Symposium Series, and in Edward B. Roche, ed., Bioreversible Carriers inDrug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press(1987).

Bryostatin is thought to act by modulating the activity and cellularlocalization of various C1 domain-containing proteins such as proteinkinase C (PKC). The PKC family is divided into three subclasses: theconventional (α, βI, βII), novel (δ, ε, η, θ), and atypical isozymes.The subclasses are categorized on the basis of the factors needed fortheir activation. Members of the conventional family (cPKCs), consistingof PKCα, PKCβI, PKClβII, and PKCγ, are activated by the combination ofcalcium and diacylglycerol (DAG). The novel family (nPKCs), consistingof PKCδ, PKCε, PKCθ, and PKCθ, does not require calcium for activationbut does respond to DAG. Members of the atypical family (aPKCs) do notrespond to either calcium or DAG. Of these three, bryostatin binds onlyto the conventional and novel subclasses (eight isozymes in total).

The conventional and novel PKCs incorporate both a regulatory domain anda catalytic domain. The regulatory domain is responsible for controllingthe activity-state of the kinase. The catalytic domain contains the ATPand substrate binding sites and catalyzes the transfer of phosphategroups. When PKC is inactive, it exists in a closed conformation inwhich a pseudosubstrate sequence occupies the substrate-binding sitepreventing access by downstream targets. Additionally, the inactive formof PKC is localized to a different cellular compartment than the activeform of the enzyme, keeping it spatially removed from its relevanttarget proteins. Bryostatin, the phorbol esters and DAG are believed toactivate PKC by binding to one of the C1 domains of the protein. Thisbinding results in translocation of PKC from the cytosol to cellularmembranes and exposure of the substrate-binding site of the protein[37]. Membrane association and translocation are further influenced byinteraction of the active kinase with isoform-specific receptor proteins(RACKs). In contrast to molecules that target the ATP binding site ofPKC and function only as inhibitors, molecules that target the C1 domaincan be designed to inhibit or activate enzyme activity. A long-standinggoal in the area of C1 domain research is to design agents that canselectively regulate one or a subset of these eight isozymes. Analoguesof bryostatin therefore offer the potential of select modulatoryactivity, offering a greater range of efficacy in therapeuticinterventions of many types, and greater selectivity in function, sinceC1 domains are not present in every member of the kinase family.

Protein kinase C mediates one arm of the signal transduction pathwayproceeding through inositol phospholipid breakdown. This pathway isinvolved in the action of a broad range of cellular effectors, includinggrowth factors and oncogenes, and indirectly affects other transductionpathways such as that of the cyclic AMP second messenger system.Therefore, modulating PKC activity using the compounds of the inventionmay offer approaches for pharmaceutical intervention in many therapeuticareas. PKCδ is a critical player in various apoptotic pathways and caninfluence the metastatic potential of cancer cells, and PKCε has alsobeen shown to be involved in cancer development. PKCβ1 is also anessential participant in the apoptotic pathway. Analogs are disclosedherein which demonstrate ability to modulate specific classes of PKCisozymes selectively. Analog 18B.1 showed a significantly reducedability to translocate the conventional isozyme PKCβI relative tobryostatin 1 (See Example 16).

In one aspect, the compounds of the invention find use as anticanceragents in mammalian subjects. For example, representative cancerconditions and cell types against which the compounds of the inventionmay be useful include melanoma, myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL), AIDS-related lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, colorectal cancer,renal cancer, prostate cancer, cancers of the head, neck, stomach,esophagus, anus, or cervix, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, peritonealcancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. The compounds appear to operateby a mechanism distinct from the mechanisms of other anticancercompounds, and thus can be used synergistically in combination withother anticancer drugs and therapies to treat cancers via amultimechanistic approach. The compounds of the invention exhibitpotencies comparable to or better than previous bryostatins against manyhuman cancer types.

In another aspect, the compounds of the invention can be used tostrengthen the immune system of a mammalian subject, wherein a compoundof the invention is administered to the subject in an amount effectiveto increase one or more components of the immune system for whichmodulation of PKC pathways is required, by inhibition or activation. Forexample, strengthening of the immune system can be evidenced byincreased levels of T cells, antibody-producing cells, tumor necrosisfactors, interleukins, interferons, and the like. Effective dosages maybe comparable to those for anticancer uses, and can be optimized withthe aid of various immune response assay protocols such as are known inthe art (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,711, incorporated herein byreference). The compound can be administered prophylactically, e.g., forsubjects who are about to undergo anticancer therapies, as well astherapeutically, e.g., for subjects suffering from microbial infection,burn victims, subjects with neuroendocrine disorders, diabetes, anemia,radiation treatment, or anticancer chemotherapy. The immunostimulatoryactivity of the compounds of the present invention is unusual amonganticancer compounds and provides a dual benefit for anticancerapplications. First, the immunostimulatory activity allows the compoundsof the invention to be used in greater doses and for longer periods oftime than would be possible for compounds of similar anticancer activitybut lacking immunostimulatory activity. Second, the compounds of thepresent invention can offset the immunosuppressive effects of otherdrugs or treatment regimens when used in combination therapies.

In some of the embodiments of the invention, the disorders of abnormalcell proliferation are tumors and cancers, psoriasis, autoimmunedisorders, disorders brought about by abnormal proliferation ofmesangial cells (including human renal diseases, such asglomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, malignant nephrosclerosis,thrombotic micro-angiopathy syndromes, transplant rejection, andglomerulopathies), rheumatoid arthritis, Behcet's syndrome, acuterespiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ischemic heart disease,post-dialysis syndrome, leukemia, vasculitis, restenosis, neuropathicpain, chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, lipid histiocytosis, acuteand chronic nephropathies, atheroma, arterial restenosis, autoimmunediseases, or ocular diseases with retinal vessel proliferation (forexample, diabetic retinopathy).

Other areas of application for which the compounds of the invention maybe useful include disorders of associative memory storage. PKC signalingpathways have been observed to regulate points in the neurodegenerativepathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Bryostatin-1 has beenstudied preclinically and has demonstrated to have cognitive restorativeand antidepressant effects. This may be due to reduction of neurotoxicamyloid production and accumulation, activation of select PKC isoforms,induction of synthesis of proteins involved in long term memory, andrestoration of stress induced inhibition of PKC activity. The compoundsof the invention may have more selective activities in modulatingspecific PKC isoforms involved and decreased toxicity relative to thenatural product, and a lack of tumor promoting ability (unlike otherclasses of PKC modulator compounds) thus providing utility astherapeutics to treat AD, depression and other cognitive and memorydisorders.

The compounds of the invention may be useful in antiviral andantiproliferative therapies by activating PKC to render a diseased cellsusceptible to killing by a second therapeutic agent, for example,ganclicovir and/or radiation, in the case of Epstein Barr Virusassociated nasopharngeal carcinoma (NPC). This may also be a fruitfulapproach for combination therapies for other viral infections such asHIV and HSV.

I. Combination Therapy

Compounds of the present invention can be used in combination with otherchemotherapeutic agents to treat cancer. In some embodiments, thecombination may provide a synergistic therapeutic effect. The synergy isbelieved to arise from the effect of using two therapeutic agents whichact through different mechanistic pathways. For example, Taxol and abryostatin analog, when administered together, either in the samecomposition or separately, to a subject, may prevent neoplastic cellsfrom mounting resistance as readily as is possible using only a singleagent acting through a single mechanistic pathway or binding only at onesite on the neoplastic cells. Synergy may be then provided ininteractions between the compounds of the present invention and Taxol,for example, or with chemotherapeutic agents of other classes used totreat cancer and other proliferative and immune related disorders.

Compounds of the present invention can be used in combination oralternation with radiation and chemotherapy treatment, includinginduction chemotherapy, primary (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy, and bothadjuvant radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition,radiation and chemotherapy are frequently indicated as adjuvants tosurgery in the treatment of cancer. The goal of radiation andchemotherapy in the adjuvant setting is to reduce the risk of recurrenceand enhance disease-free survival when the primary tumor has beencontrolled. Chemotherapy is utilized as a treatment adjuvant for lungand breast cancer, frequently when the disease is metastatic. Adjuvantradiation therapy is indicated in several diseases including lung andbreast cancers. Compounds of the present invention also are usefulfollowing surgery in the treatment of cancer in combination with radio-and/or chemotherapy. Compounds of the invention may be administeredbefore, concomitantly, in the same composition, or after administeringone or more additional active agents.

Active agents that can be used in combination with a protein kinase Cmodulator of the present invention include, but are not limited to,alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones and antagonists, proteinkinase C modulators of other classes, microtubule stabilizers,radioisotopes, antibodies, as well as natural products, and combinationsthereof. For example, a compound of the present invention can beadministered with antibiotics, such as doxorubicin and otheranthracycline analogs, nitrogen mustards, such as cyclophosphamide,pyrimidine analogs such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, hydroxyurea, andthe like. As another example, in the case of mixed tumors, such asadenocarcinoma of the breast, where the tumors includegonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent cells, the compoundcan be administered in conjunction with leuprolide or goserelin(synthetic peptide analogs of LH-RH) Other antineoplastic protocolsinclude the use of a compound of the invention with another treatmentmodality, e.g., surgery or radiation, also referred to herein as“adjunct anti-neoplastic modalities.”

More specific examples of active agents useful for combination withcompounds of the present invention, in both compositions and the methodsof the present invention, include but are not limited to alkylatingagents, such as nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechlorethanmine,cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil); nitrosureas,alkyl sulfonates, such as busulfan; triazines, such as dacarbazine(DTIC); antimetabolites; folic acid analogs, such as methotrexate andtrimetrexate; pyrimidine analogs, such as 5-fluorouracil,fluorodeoxyuridine, gemcitabin, cytosine arabinoside (AraC, cytarabine),5-azacytidine, and 2,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine; purine analogs, such as6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, azathioprine, 2′-deoxycoformycin(pentostatin), erythrohydroxynonyladenine (EHNA), fludarabine phosphate,and 2 chlorodeoxy-adenosine (cladribine, 2-CdA); natural products,including antimitotic drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol®), vinca alkaloids(e.g., vinblastine (VLB), vincristine, and vinorelbine), Taxotere®(docetaxel), camptothecin, estramustine, estramustine phosphate,colchicine, bryostatin, combretastatin (e.g., combretastatin A-4phosphate, combretastatin A-1 and combretastatin A-3, and theirphosphates), dolastatins 10-15, podophyllotoxin, and epipodophylotoxins(e.g., etoposide and teniposide); antibiotics, such as actimomycin D,daunomycin (rubidomycin), doxorubicin (adriamycin), mitoxantrone,idarubicin, bleomycins, plicamycin (mithramycin), mitomycinC,dactinomycin, and tobramycin; enzymes, such as L-asparaginase;antibodies, such as HERCEPTIN® (Trastruzumab), RITUXAN® (Rituximab),PANOREX® (edrecolomab), ZEVALIN® (ibritumomab yiuxetan), MYLOTARGT®(gemtuzumab ozogamicin), and CAMPATH® (alemtuzumab); biological responsemodifiers, such as interferon-alpha, IL-2, G-CSF, and GM-CSF;differentiation agents; retinoic acid derivatives; radiosensitizers,such as metronidazole, misonidazole, desmethylmisonidazole,pimonidazole, etanidazole, nimorazole, RSU 1069, EO9, RB 6145, SR4233,nicotinamide, 5-bromodeozyuridine, 5-iododeoxyuridine, andbromodeoxycytidine; platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatinand carboplatin; anthracenedione; mitoxantrone; substituted ureas, suchas hydroxyurea; methylhydrazine derivatives, such as N-methylhydrazine(MIH) and procarbazine; adrenalcortical suppressants, such as mitotane(o,p′-DDD), aminoglutethimide; cytokines, such as interferon alpha,beta, and gamma and Interleukin 2 (IL-2); hormones and hormoneantagonists, including adreno-corticosteroids/antagonists such asprednisone and its equivalents, dexamethasone, and aminoglutethimide;progestins, such as hydroxyprogesterone, caproate, medroxyprogesteroneacetate, and megesterol acetate; estrogens, such as diethylstilbestrol,ethynyl estradiol, and their equivalents; antiestrogens, such astamoxifen; androgens, such as testosterone propionate andfluoxymesterone, as well as their equivalents; antiandrogens, such asflutamide; gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, such as leuprolide;nonsteroidal antiandrogens, such as flutamide, and photosensitizers,such as hematoporphyrin and its derivatives, Photofrin®, benzoporphyrinand its derivatives, Npe6, tin etioporphyrin (SnET2), pheoboride-α,bacteriochlorophyll-α, naphthalocyanines, phthalocyanines, and zincphthalocyanines.

In one particular embodiment, the compounds of the invention areadministered in combination or alternation with a second agent selectedfrom the group such as vincristine, cisplatin, ara-C, taxanes,edatrexate, L-buthionine sulfoxide, tiazofurin, gallium nitrate,doxorubicin, etoposide, podophyllotoxins, cyclophosphamide,camptothecins, dolastatin, and auristatin-PE, for example, and may alsobe used in combination with radiation therapy. In a preferredembodiment, the combination therapy entails co-administration of anagent selected from: ara-C, taxol, cisplatin and vincristine In aspecific embodiment, the compound of the invention is administered incombination or alternation with taxol. In another embodiment, thecompound is administered in combination or alternation with cisplatin.In yet another embodiment, the compound of the invention is administeredin combination or alternation with vincristine. In a further embodiment,the compound of the invention is administered in combination oralternation with ara-C.

In some embodiments of the invention, a second agent having therapeuticactivity via an immunosuppressive mechanism distinct from that of thecompound of the invention is administered in combination or alternationwith the compound of the invention. In other embodiments of theinvention, a second agent having therapeutic activity via animmunosuppressive mechanism is administered in combination or inalternation with the compound of the invention. In some embodiments ofthe invention, said administration of the second agent is before, after,or concomitantly with the administration of the compound of theinvention In some embodiments of the invention, administration of thecompound of the invention is via an oral, intravenous, intraarterial,intramuscular, local, intraperitoneal, parenteral, transdermal, ocular,or intrathecal route. In some of the embodiments of the invention, thesecond agent is administered via the same route of administration as thecompound of the invention. In some embodiments of the method of theinvention, the administration of the second therapeutic agent is via adifferent route of administration from the compound of the invention.Administration of the second therapeutic agent may be performed prior,conjointly, in the same composition, or subsequent to administration ofthe compound of the invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of the compoundthat results in achieving the desired effect. Toxicity and therapeuticefficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceuticalprocedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., fordetermining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and theED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). Thedose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeuticindex, which is expressed as the ratio of LD₅₀ to ED₅₀. Compounds thatexhibit high therapeutic indices (i.e., a toxic dose that issubstantially higher than the effective dose) are preferred. The dataobtained can be used in formulating a dosage range for use in humans.The dosage of such compounds preferably lies within a range ofcirculating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or notoxicity. The dosage can vary within this range depending upon thedosage form employed, and the route of administration utilized.

Host, as used herein, refers to a cell or organism that exhibits theproperties associated with abnormal cell proliferation. The hosts aretypically vertebrates, including both birds and mammals. It is preferredthat the mammal, as a host or patient in the present disclosure, is fromthe family of Primates, Carnivora, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla,Artiodactyla, Rodentia, and Lagomorpha. It is even more preferable thatthe mammal vertebrate of the present invention be Canis familiaris(dog), Felis catus (cat), Elephas maximus (elephant), Equus caballus(horse), Sus domesticus (pig), Camelus dromedarious (camel), Cervus axis(deer), Giraffa camelopardalis (giraffe), Bos taurus (cattle/cows),Capra hircus (goat), Ovis aries (sheep), Mus musculus (mouse), Lepusbrachyurus (rabbit), Mesocricetus auratus (hamster), Cavia porcellus(guinea pig), Meriones unguiculatus (gerbil), and Homo sapiens (human).Most preferably, the host or patient as used within the presentinvention is Homo sapiens (human). Birds suitable as hosts within theconfines of the present invention include Gallus domesticus (chicken)and Meleagris gallopavo (turkey).

Treating and its grammatical equivalents as used herein includesachieving a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. Bytherapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of theunderlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit isachieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of thephysiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such thatan improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that thepatient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. Forprophylactic benefit, the compositions may be administered to a patientat risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reportingone or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though adiagnosis of this disease may not have been made.

The compositions of the invention may be administered via oral,intravenous, intra-arterial, intramuscular, local, intraperitoneal,parenteral, transdermal, ocular, or intrathecal routes.

Dosage forms for topical administration of a compound of this inventioninclude powders, sprays, ointments and inhalants. The active compound ismixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and any needed preservatives, buffers or propellants which canbe required. Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders andsolutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of thisinvention.

Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceuticalcompositions of this invention can be varied so as to obtain an amountof the active compound(s) which is effective to achieve the desiredtherapeutic response for a particular host, compositions and mode ofadministration. The selected dosage level will depend upon the activityof the particular compound, the route of administration, the severity ofthe condition being treated and the condition and prior medical historyof the host being treated. However, it is within the skill of the art tostart doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve thedesired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage untilthe desired effect is achieved.

In the treatment or prevention of conditions which require abnormalcellular proliferation inhibition, an appropriate dosage level willgenerally be about 0.0000001 to 500 mg per kg host body weight per daywhich can be administered in single or multiple doses. In someembodiments, the dosage level is from about 0.0000001 mg/kg to about 250mg/kg per day. In other embodiments, the dosage level is from about0.0000005 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg per day. A suitable dosage level maybe from at least about 0.0000001 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg per day, fromat least about 0.00000005 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg per day, or from atleast about 0.000001 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg per day. Within this rangethe dosage may be about 0.00000001 mg/kg to about 0.00005 mg/kg; 0.00005mg/kg to about 0.05 mg/kg or about 0.0005 mg/kg to about 5.0 mg/kg perday. For some embodiments wherein administration is via oraladministration, the compositions are provided in the form of tabletscontaining from about 0.0001 to about 1000 milligrams of the activeingredient, or at least about 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003,0.004, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05,0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9,1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 150.0, 200.0,250.0, 300.0, 400.0, 500.0, 600.0, 750.0, 800.0, 900.0, or about 1000.0milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment ofthe dosage to the host to be treated. The compositions may beadministered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, and in someembodiments, the compositions are administered once or twice per day. Insome embodiments, the compositions are administered once a week. Thecourse of treatment with a compound of the invention may be for about1-about 30 days; about 1 to about 90 days, about 1 to about 120 days; orabout 1 to about 180 days. The course of treatment with a compound ofthe invention, may be for about 1 to 45 days; from about 1 to about 28days, from about 1 to about 21 days, from about 1 to about 14 days, orfrom about 1 to about 7 days.

It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level andfrequency of dosage for any particular host may be varied and willdepend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specificcompound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of thatcompound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and timeof administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the nature ofthe disorder of abnormal cell proliferation, the severity of theparticular disorder, and the host undergoing therapy.

The compositions of the present invention can also be used as coatingson stents, including intraluminal stents, such as described in, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,544,544; 6,403,635; 6,273,913; 6,171,609; and5,716,981.

The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, salt, solvate orprodrug can be mixed with other active materials that do not impair thedesired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action,including other drugs against abnormal cell proliferation.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention typically include aconventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and may additionallyinclude other medicinal agents, carriers, adjuvants, antioxidants, andthe like. In one embodiment, the composition may comprise from about 1%to about 75% by weight of one or more compounds of the invention, withthe remainder consisting of suitable pharmaceutical excipients. For oraladministration, such excipients include pharmaceutical grades ofmannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine,talcum, cellulose, glucose, gelatin, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, forexample. Appropriate excipients can be tailored to the particularcomposition and route of administration by methods well known in theart, e.g., (Gennaro, 1990). Additional guidance for formulations andmethods of administration can be found in patent references concerningpreviously known bryostatins, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,560,774 and4,611,066 to Pettit et al., which are incorporated herein by reference.

Liquid compositions can be prepared by dissolving or dispersing compound(e.g., from about 0.5% to about 20% of final volume), and optionalpharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, aqueoussaline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, to form asolution or suspension. Useful vehicles also include polyoxyethylenesorbitan fatty acid monoesters, such as TWEEN™ 80, and polyethoxylatedcastor oils, such as Cremophor EL™ available from BASF (Wyandotte, Md.),as discussed in PCT Publ. No. WO 97/23208 (which is incorporated hereinby reference), which can be diluted into conventional saline solutionsfor intravenous administration. Such liquid compositions are useful forintravenous administration. One such formulation is PET diluent which isa 60/30/10 v/v/v mixture of PEG 400, dehydrated ethanol, and TWEEN™-80.Liquid compositions may also be formulated as retention enemas.

The compounds of the invention may also be formulated as liposomes usingliposome preparation methods known in the art. Preferably, the liposomesare formulated either as small unilamellar vesicles or as largervesicles.

Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous,or topical application can include for example the following components:a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixedoils, liposomes, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol orother synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol ormethyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite;chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers suchas acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment oftonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parental preparationcan be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vialsmade of glass or plastic.

If administered intravenously, preferred carriers are physiologicalsaline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention for parenteral injectioncomprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueoussolutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions and sterile powders forreconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solventsor vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, glycerol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof,vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such asethyl oleate. Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the useof a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requiredparticle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants includingimmunostimulating factors (including immunostimulatory nucleic acidsequences, including those with CpG sequences), preservative agents,wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention ofthe action of microorganisms may be ensured by various antibacterial andantifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbicacid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents,for example, sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorptionof the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the use ofagents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate andgelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is oftendesirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous orintramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquidsuspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor watersolubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon itsrate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size andcrystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterallyadministered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending thedrug in an oil vehicle.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspendingagents, as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols,polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystallinecellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, tragacanth, andmixtures thereof.

The active compounds can also be in micro- or nano-encapsulated form, ifappropriate, with one or more excipients.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices ofthe drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide.Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of theparticular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled.Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) andpoly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared byentrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatiblewith body tissues.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, byfiltration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which canbe dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectablemedium just prior to use. Injectable preparations, for example, sterileinjectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated accordingto the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents andsuspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be asterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic,parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent such as a solution in1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may beemployed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodiumchloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionallyemployed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any blandfixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Inaddition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation ofinjectables.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets,pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the activecompound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphateand/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose,glucose, mannitol, dicalcium phosphate, and salicylic acid; b) binderssuch as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin,polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia; c) humectants such asglycerol; d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate,potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodiumcarbonate; e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin; f) absorptionaccelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds; g) wetting agentssuch as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; h) absorbents such askaolin and bentonite clay; and i) lubricants such as talc, calciumstearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium laurylsulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets andpills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers insoft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactoseor milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols andthe like.

The solid dosage forms of tablets, capsules, pills, and granules can beprepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and othercoatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They mayoptionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a compositionthat they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in acertain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Examples ofembedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substancesand waxes.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferablysuppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of thisinvention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such ascocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solidat ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore meltin the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, microemulsions, liposomes, solutions, suspensions,syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquiddosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art suchas, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents andemulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate,ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol,1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed,groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol,tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid estersof sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvantssuch as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening,flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound ofthis invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels,powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches, optionally mixed withdegradable or nondegradable polymers. The active component is admixedunder sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier andany needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmicformulation, ear drops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are alsocontemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to anactive compound of this invention, excipients such as animal andvegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulosederivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid,talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds of thisinvention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminumhydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of thesesubstances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants suchas chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Compounds of the present invention may be administered in the form ofliposomes. As is known in the art, liposomes are generally derived fromphospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono-or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in anaqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable andmetabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes may be used. Thepresent compositions in liposome form may contain, in addition to thecompounds of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives,excipients, and the like. The preferred lipids are the natural andsynthetic phospholipids and phosphatidylcholines (lecithins) usedseparately or together. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art.See, for example, Prescott, Ed., Methods in Cell Biology, Volume XIV,Academic Press, New York, N.Y., (1976), p 33 et seq. and U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811. For example, liposome formulations may be prepared bydissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is thenevaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface ofthe container. An aqueous solution of the active compound or itsmonophosphate, diphosphate, and/or triphosphate derivatives is thenintroduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand tofree lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperselipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.

I. Controlled Release Formulations

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers thatwill protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body orrapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, includingimplants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable,biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate,polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, andpolylacetic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will beapparent to those skilled in the art.

The field of biodegradable polymers has developed rapidly since thesynthesis and biodegradability of polylactic acid was reported byKulkarni et al. (“Polylactic acid for surgical implants,” Arch. Surg,1966, 93, 839). Examples of other polymers which have been reported asuseful as a matrix material for delivery devices include polyanhydrides,polyesters such as polyglycolides and polylactide-co-glycolides,polyamino acids such as polylysine, polymers and copolymers ofpolyethylene oxide, acrylic terminated polyethylene oxide, polyamides,polyurethanes, polyorthoesters, polyacrylonitriles, andpolyphosphazenes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,891,225 and4,906,474 to Langer (polyanhydrides), 4,767,628 to Hutchinson(polylactide, polylactide-co-glycolide acid), and 4,530,840 to Tice, etal. (polylactide, polyglycolide, and copolymers). See also U.S. Pat. No.5,626,863 to Hubbell, et al which describes photopolymerizablebiodegradable hydrogels as tissue contacting materials and controlledrelease carriers (hydrogels of polymerized and crosslinked macromerscomprising hydrophilic oligomers having biodegradable monomeric oroligomeric extensions, which are end capped monomers or oligomerscapable of polymerization and crosslinking); and PCT WO 97/05185 filedby Focal, Inc. directed to multiblock biodegradable hydrogels for use ascontrolled release agents for drug delivery and tissue treatment agents.

Degradable materials of biological origin are well known, for example,crosslinked gelatin. Hyaluronic acid has been crosslinked and used as adegradable swelling polymer for biomedical applications (U.S. Pat. No.4,957,744 to Della Valle et. al.; “Surface modification of polymericbiomaterials for reduced thrombogenicity,” Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng.,1991, 62, 731-735]).

Many dispersion systems are currently in use as, or being explored foruse as, carriers of substances, particularly biologically activecompounds. Dispersion systems used for pharmaceutical and cosmeticformulations can be categorized as either suspensions or emulsions.Suspensions are defined as solid particles ranging in size from a fewmanometers up to hundreds of microns, dispersed in a liquid medium usingsuspending agents. Solid particles include microspheres, microcapsules,and nanospheres. Emulsions are defined as dispersions of one liquid inanother, stabilized by an interfacial film of emulsifiers such assurfactants and lipids. Emulsion formulations include water in oil andoil in water emulsions, multiple emulsions, microemulsions,microdroplets, and liposomes. Microdroplets are unilamellar phospholipidvesicles that consist of a spherical lipid layer with an oil phaseinside, as defined in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,622,219 and 4,725,442 issued toHaynes. Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles prepared by mixingwater-insoluble polar lipids with an aqueous solution. The unfavorableentropy caused by mixing the insoluble lipid in the water produces ahighly ordered assembly of concentric closed membranes of phospholipidwith entrapped aqueous solution.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,763 to Dunn, et al., discloses a method for formingan implant in situ by dissolving a nonreactive, water insolublethermoplastic polymer in a biocompatible, water soluble solvent to forma liquid, placing the liquid within the body, and allowing the solventto dissipate to produce a solid implant. The polymer solution can beplaced in the body via syringe. The implant can assume the shape of itssurrounding cavity. In an alternative embodiment, the implant is formedfrom reactive, liquid oligomeric polymers which contain no solvent andwhich cure in place to form solids, usually with the addition of acuring catalyst.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,921 discloses microspheres comprising polymer anddrug dispersed there within. U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,009 discloses adelivery system for the controlled release of bioactive factors. U.S.Pat. No. 5,578,325 discloses nanoparticles and microparticles ofnon-linear hydrophilic hydrophobic multiblock copolymers. U.S. Pat. No.5,545,409 discloses a delivery system for the controlled release ofbioactive factors. U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,682 discloses ionicallycross-linked polymeric microcapsules.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,402 to Andrx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. describes acontrolled release formulation that includes an internal phase whichcomprises the active drug, its salt, ester or prodrug, in admixture witha hydrogel forming agent, and an external phase which comprises acoating which resists dissolution in the stomach. U.S. Pat. Nos.5,736,159 and 5,558,879 to Andrx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. discloses acontrolled release formulation for drugs with little water solubility inwhich a passageway is formed in situ. U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,441 to AndrxPharmaceuticals, Inc. discloses a once-a-day controlled releaseformulation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,040 discloses a multiparticulatepulsatile drug delivery system. U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,708 discloses apulsatile particle based drug delivery system. U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,888describes a controlled release tablet formulation which can be madeusing a blend having an internal drug containing phase and an externalphase which comprises a polyethylene glycol polymer which has a weightaverage molecular weight of from 3,000 to 10,000. U.S. Pat. No.5,419,917 discloses methods for the modification of the rate of releaseof a drug to form a hydrogel which is based on the use of an effectiveamount of a pharmaceutically acceptable ionizable compound that iscapable of providing a substantially zero-order release rate of drugfrom the hydrogel. U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,888 discloses a controlledrelease tablet formulation.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,745 to Elan Corporation, plc discloses a controlledrelease pharmaceutical formulation which comprises the active drug in abiodegradable polymer to form microspheres or nanospheres. Thebiodegradable polymer is suitably poly-D,L-lactide or a blend ofpoly-D,L-lactide and poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide. U.S. Pat. No.5,616,345 to Elan Corporation plc describes a controlled absorptionformulation for once a day administration that includes the activecompound in association with an organic acid, and a multi-layer membranesurrounding the core and containing a major proportion of apharmaceutically acceptable film-forming, water insoluble syntheticpolymer and a minor proportion of a pharmaceutically acceptablefilm-forming water soluble synthetic polymer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,515discloses a controlled release formulation based on biodegradablenanoparticles. U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,320 discloses a controlled absorptionformulation for once a day administration. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,580 and5,540,938 are directed to formulations and their use in the treatment ofneurological diseases. U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,995 is directed to a passivetransdermal device with controlled drug delivery. U.S. Pat. No.5,505,962 describes a controlled release pharmaceutical formulation.

In one embodiment of the invention, stents are provided which comprise agenerally tubular structure, which contains or is coated, filled orinterspersed with compounds of the present invention, optionally withone or more other anti-angiogenic compounds and/or compositions. Methodsare also provided for expanding the lumen of a body passageway,comprising inserting the stent into the passageway, such that thepassageway is expanded.

The stents can be provided for eliminating biliary obstructions byinserting a biliary stent into a biliary passageway; for eliminatingurethral obstructions by inserting a urethral stent into a urethra; foreliminating esophageal obstructions by inserting an esophageal stentinto an esophagus; and for eliminating trachealibronchial obstructionsby inserting a tracheal/bronchial stent into the trachea or bronchi.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compound of the presentinvention is delivered to the site of arterial injury via a stent. Inone approach, the therapeutic agent is incorporated into a polymermaterial which is then coated on or delivered onto or incorporated intoat least a portion of the stent structure. To improve the clinicalperformance of stents, a therapeutic agent can be applied as a coatingto the stent, attached to a covering or membrane, embedded on thesurface material via ion bombardment or dripped onto the stent or toholes or reservoirs in a part of the stent that act as reservoirs.Therefore, in one embodiment of the present invention, the compounds areapplied, attached, dripped and/or embedded to the stent by knownmethods.

The stents can be designed from a single piece of metal, such as fromwire coil or thin walled metal cylinders, or from multiple pieces ofmetal. In a separate embodiment, the stents are designed frombiodegradable materials such as polymers or organic fabrics. In oneembodiment, the surface of the stent is solid. The stent is generallythin walled and can include a number of struts and optionally a numberof hinges between the struts that are capable of focusing stresses.

In one embodiment, the stent structure includes a plurality of holes or,in a separate embodiment, a plurality of recesses which can act asreservoirs and may be loaded with the drug. The stent can be designedwith particular sites that can incorporate the drug, or multiple drugs,optionally with a biodegradable or non-biodegradable matrix. The sitescan be holes, such as laser drilled holes, or recesses in the stentstructure that may be filled with the drug or may be partially filledwith the drug. In one embodiment, a portion of the holes are filled withother therapeutic agents, or with materials that regulate the release ofthe drug or drugs. One advantage of this system is that the propertiesof the coating can be optimized for achieving superior biocompatibilityand adhesion properties, without the addition requirement of being ableto load and release the drug. The size, shape, position, and number ofreservoirs can be used to control the amount of drug, and therefore thedose delivered.

In another embodiment, the surface of the stent can be coated with oneor more compositions containing the compound of the invention. In oneembodiment, a coating or membrane of biocompatible material could beapplied over the reservoirs which would control the diffusion of thedrug from the reservoirs to the artery wall. The coating may also be asheath covering the surface of the stent. The coating may also beinterspersed on the surface of the stent. Coatings or fillings aregenerally accomplished by dipping, spraying or printing the drug on orinto the stent, for example through ink jet type techniques.

The compounds of the present invention are optionally applied innon-degradable microparticulates or nanoparticulates or biodegradablemicroparticulates or nanoparticulates. In one embodiment, themicroparticles or nanoparticles are formed of a polymer containingmatrix that biodegrades by random, nonenzymatic, hydrolytic scissioning,such as a structure formed from a mixture of thermoplastic polyesters(e.g., polylactide or polyglycolide) or a copolymer of lactide andglycolide components. The lactide/glycolide structure has the addedadvantage that biodegradation thereof forms lactic acid and glycolicacid, both normal metabolic products of mammals.

The present invention also provides therapeutic methods and therapeuticdosage forms involving administration of the compounds of the inventionin combination with an inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cellcontraction to a vascular lumen, allowing the normal hydrostaticpressure to dilate the vascular lumen. Such contraction inhibition maybe achieved by actin inhibition, which is preferably achievable andsustainable at a lower dose level than that necessary to inhibit proteinsynthesis. Consequently, the vascular smooth muscle cells synthesizeprotein required to repair minor cell trauma and secrete interstitialmatrix, thereby facilitating the fixation of the vascular lumen in adilated state near its maximal systolic diameter. This phenomenonconstitutes a biological stenting effect that diminishes or prevents theundesirable recoil mechanism that occurs in up to 25% of the angioplastyprocedures classified as successful based on an initial post-proceduralangiogram. Cytochalasins (which inhibit the polymerization of G- toF-actin which, in turn, inhibits the migration and contraction ofvascular smooth muscle cells) are the preferred therapeutic agents foruse in this embodiment of the present invention. Free therapeutic agentprotocols of this type effect a reduction, a delay, or an elimination ofstenosis after angioplasty or other vascular surgical procedures.Preferably, free therapeutic agent is administered directly orsubstantially directly to vascular smooth muscle tissue. Suchadministration is preferably effected by an infusion catheter, toachieve a 10⁻³ M to 10⁻¹² M concentration of said therapeutic agent atthe site of administration in a blood vessel.

The compounds of the present invention can be used in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from inorganic or organicacids. By “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is meant those salts whichare, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use incontact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without unduetoxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like and arecommensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts are well-known in the art. For example, P. H. Stahl, etal. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in “Handbook ofPharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use” (Wiley VCH,Zurich, Switzerland: 2002). The salts can be prepared in situ during thefinal isolation and purification of the compounds of the presentinvention or separately by reacting a free base function with a suitableorganic acid. Representative acid addition salts include, but are notlimited to acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate,benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate,digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate,fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide,2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate,methanesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate,pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate,propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, phosphate, glutamate,bicarbonate, p-toluenesulfonate and undecanoate. Also, the basicnitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as loweralkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides,bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyland diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyland stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; arylalkyl halides likebenzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble ordispersible products are thereby obtained. Examples of acids which canbe employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition saltsinclude such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid,sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as oxalicacid, maleic acid, succinic acid and citric acid.

Basic addition salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolationand purification of compounds of this invention by reacting a carboxylicacid-containing moiety with a suitable base such as the hydroxide,carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cationor with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,cations based on alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium,sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts and the likeand nontoxic quaternary ammonia and amine cations including ammonium,tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine,trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine and the like.Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of baseaddition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine,piperidine, piperazine and the like. Preferred salts of the compounds ofthe present invention include phosphate, tris and acetate.

In-Vitro and In-Vivo Testing

In practicing various aspects of the present invention, compounds inaccordance with the invention can be tested for a biological activity ofinterest using any assay protocol that is predictive of activity invivo. For example, a variety of convenient assay protocols are availablethat are generally predictive of anticancer activity in vivo.

In one approach, anticancer activity of compounds of the invention canbe assessed using the protein kinase C assay detailed in Example 5. Inthis assay, K_(i) values are determined for analogues based oncompetition with radiolabeled phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate for binding to amixture of PKC isoenzymes. PKC enzymes are implicated in a variety ofcellular responses which may be involved in the activity of thebryostatins.

Example 6 describes another protein kinase C assay which can be used toassess the binding affinities of compounds of the invention for bindingto the C1B domain of PKCδ. Although all PKC isozymes are upregulatedimmediately after administration of bryostatin or tumor promotingphorbol esters followed by an extended down-regulation period, PKCδappears to be protected against down regulation by bryostatin 1.Overexpression of PKCδ inhibits tumor cell growth and induces cellularapoptosis, whereas depleting cells of PKCδ can cause tumor promotion.Accordingly, this assay provides useful binding data for assessingpotential anticancer activity.

Another useful method for assessing anticancer activities of compoundsof the invention involves the multiple-human cancer cell line screeningassays run by the National Cancer Institute. This screening panel, whichinvolves approximately 60 different human cancer cell lines, is a usefulindicator of in vivo antitumor activity for a broad variety of tumortypes, such as leukemia, non-small cell lung, colon, central nervoussystem (CNS), melanoma, ovarian, renal, prostate, and breast cancers.Antitumor activities can be expressed in terms of ED₅₀ (or GI₅₀), whereED₅₀ is the molar concentration of compound effective to reduce cellgrowth by 50%. Compounds with lower ED₅₀ values tend to have greateranticancer activities than compounds with higher ED₅₀ values. Example 7describes a P388 murine lymphocytic leukemia cell assay which measuresthe ability of compounds of the invention to inhibit cellular growth.

Upon the confirmation of a compounds potential activity in the above invitro assays, further evaluation is typically conducted in vivo inlaboratory animals, for example, measuring reduction of lung nodulemetastases in mice with B16 melanoma. The efficacy of drug combinationchemotherapy can be evaluated, for example, using the human B-CLLxenograft model in mice. Ultimately, the safety and efficacy ofcompounds of the invention are evaluated in human clinical trials.

Experiments conducted in support of the present invention demonstratethat compounds of the present invention exhibit high potencies inseveral anticancer assays, as summarized in the Examples.

EXAMPLES General Techniques

Unless noted otherwise, materials were obtained from commerciallyavailable sources and used without further purification. Tetrahydrofuran(THF) and diethyl ether (Et₂O) were distilled from sodium benzophenoneketyl under a nitrogen atmosphere. Benzene, dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂),acetonitrile (CH₃CN), triethylamine (Et₃N) and pyridine were distilledfrom calcium hydride under a nitrogen atmosphere. Chloroform (CHCl₃),carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and deuterated NMR solvents were dried over1/16″ bead 4 Å molecular sieves.

All operations involving moisture-sensitive materials were conducted inoven- and/or flame-dried glassware under an atmosphere of anhydrousnitrogen. Hygroscopic solvents and liquid reagents were transferredusing dry Gastight™ syringes or cannulating needles. In cases whererigorous exclusion of dissolved oxygen was required, solvents weredegassed via consecutive freeze, pump, thaw cycles or inert gas purge.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on either aVarian UNITY INOVA-500, XL-400 or Gemini-300 magnetic resonancespectrometer. ¹H chemical shifts are given in parts per million (6)downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS) using the residual solvent signal(CHCl₃=δ 7.27, benzene=δ 7.15, acetone=δ 2.04) as internal standard.Proton (1H) NMR information is tabulated in the following format: numberof protons, multiplicity (s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q,quartet; sept, septet, m, multiplet), coupling constant(s) (J) in hertzand, in cases where mixtures are present, assignment as the major orminor isomer, if possible. The prefix app is occasionally applied incases where the true signal multiplicity was unresolved and br indicatesthe signal in question was broadened. Proton decoupled ¹³C NMR spectraare reported in ppm (δ) relative to residual CHCl₃ (δ 77.25) unlessnoted otherwise.

Infrared spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer 1600 series FTIR usingsamples prepared as thin films between salt plates. High-resolution massspectra (HRMS) were recorded at the NIH regional mass spectrometryfacility at the University of California, San Francisco. Fast AtomBombardment (FAB) high-resolution mass spectra were recorded at theUniversity of California, Riverside. Combustion analyses were performedby Desert Analytics, Tucson, Ariz., 85719 and optical rotations weremeasured on a Jasco DIP-1000 digital polarimeter.

Flash chromatography was performed using E. Merck silica gel 60 (240-400mesh) according to the protocol of Still et al. (1978). Thin layerchromatography was performed using precoated plates purchased from E.Merck (silica gel 60 PF254, 0.25 mm) that were visualized using either ap-anisaldehyde or Ce(IV) stain.

For binding and cell-inhibition studies, dilutions of bryostatin andbryostatin analogues were performed in glass rather than plastic, toavoid problems associated with adsorption to plastic.

Example 1 Exemplary Precursors

1A. Protected Diol Aldehyde 102

Benzyl bromide (7.0 mL, 57.7 mmol) and freshly prepared Ag₂O (11.0 g,48.1 mmol) were added successively to an Et₂O (150 mL) solution ofR-(+)-methyl lactate (5.0 g, 48.1 mmol) at rt (room temperature). Theresulting suspension was brought to reflux and stirred for 2 h. Thereaction was cooled to rt, filtered through a pad of Celite™ andconcentrated in vacuo. Chromatography on silica gel (10% EtOAc/hexanes)afforded 7.5 g (80%) of benzyl ether A1 as a colorless oil:

A1: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.66; IR 2988, 2952, 2874, 1750, 1497,1454, 1372, 1275, 1207, 1143, 1066, 1025, 739, 698 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.44 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz, C27), 3.75 (3H, S, CH₃O), 4.07 (1H,q, J=6.8 Hz, C26), 4.45 (1H, d, J=11.7 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.69 (1H, d, J=11.7Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.28-7.37 (5H, m, Ph); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 18.6, 51.8,71.9, 73.9, 127.7, 127.8, 128.3, 137.4, 173.6; HRMS Calcd for C₁₁H₁₄O₃(M⁺): 194.0943. Found: 194.0942.

To a solution of methyl ester A1 (6.3 g, 32.3 mmol) in Et₂O (150 mL) wasadded DIBAL-H (1.0M in hexanes, 38.75 mL) dropwise at −78° C. viacannulating needle. After 5 min at −78° C., the reaction was quenchedwith H₂O and gradually warmed to rt. The resultant thick emulsion wasfiltered through a pad of Celite™ and sand, rinsing thoroughly with Et₂Oand EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with NaHCO₃ (2×), dried overMgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to afford crude aldehyde A2 (not shown)as a light yellow liquid.

To a solution of SnCl₄ (1.0M in CH₂Cl₂, 32.3 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (120 mL)was slowly added a CH₂Cl₂ solution of aldehyde A2 at −78° C. The mixturewas stirred for an additional 10 min before allyltrimethylsilane (5.65mL, 35.53 mmol) was added via syringe. The ensuing white suspension waskept at −78° C. for 10 min, quenched by addition of H₂O and allowed towarm to rt. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O and the combinedorganics were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatographyon silica gel (10% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 4.87 g (76%) of desireddiastereomer A3 plus 300 mg (5%) of a putative mixture.

A3: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.44; IR (film) 3454, 3066, 3030, 2976,2871, 1641, 1497, 1554, 1375, 1071, 1028, 992, 914, 737, 698 cm⁻¹; ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.20 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz, C27), 2.22 (1H, m, C24),2.35 (1H, m, C24), 2.56 (1H, br s, OH), 3.45 (1H, m, C25), 4.25 (1H, m,C26), 4.44 (1H, d, J=11.5 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.66 (1H, d, J=11.5 Hz, CH₂Ph),5.10 (2H, m, CH₂═CH), 5.87 (1H, m, CH₂═CH), 7.28-7.35 (5H, m, Ph);¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 15.3, 37.4, 70.9, 74.1, 77.3, 117.03, 127.6,127.7, 128.3, 134.7, 138.2; HRMS Calcd for C₁₃H₁₈O₂ (M⁺): 206.1307.Found: 206.1313.

To a suspension of potassium tert-butoxide (4.0 g, 35.7 mmol) in 120 mLanhydrous THF was added a solution of alcohol A3 (in 30 mL of THF)slowly over 15 min at 0° C. When complete, the mixture was stirred at rtfor 45 min and then warmed to 60° C. for an additional 30 min.p-Methoxybenzylchloride (3.56 mL, 26 mmol) was added and the mixture wasstirred at 60° C. for 4 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and quenchedwith sat. NH₄Cl. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (3×) and thecombined organics were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude product was purified by flash chromatography (5% EtOAc/hexanes) toprovide 6.80 g (88%) of differentially protected diol A4 as a colorlessoil.

A4: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.59; IR (film) 3065, 2935, 2868, 1641,1613, 1586, 1514, 1464, 1380, 1302, 1248, 1094, 1037, 913, 821, 737cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.17 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz, C27), 2.27 (1H,m, C24), 2.40 (1H, m, C24), 3.44 (1H, ddd, J=7.7, 4.7, 4.6 Hz, C25),3.62 (1H, dq, J=7.7, 6.3 Hz, C26), 3.78 (3H, s, CH₃O), 4.51 (1H, d,J=11.9 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.52 (2H, s, CH₂Ph), 4.60 (1H, d, J=11.9 Hz, CH₂Ph),5.04 (2H, m, CH₂═CH), 5.84 (1H, m, CH═CH₂), 6.83 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, Ar),7.23-7.33 (7H, m, Ar); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 15.0, 34.4, 55.1, 71.2,72.1, 75.7, 80.9, 113.6, 116.6, 127.4, 127.6, 127.6, 128.3, 129.4,130.9, 135.6, 138.9, 159.2; HRMS Calcd for C₂₁H₂₆O₃ (M⁺): 326.1882.Found: 326.1876; Anal. Calcd for C₂₁H₂₆O₃: C, 77.27; H, 8.03. Found: C,77.22; H, 8.16; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−8.9° (c 1.43, CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 102

A4 (3.0 g, 9.2 mmol) was dissolved in 90 mL CH₂Cl₂/22.5 mL MeOH andcooled to −78° C. Ozone was bubbled through the solution which wascarefully monitored for the disappearance of starting material by TLC(thin layer chromatography). When the consumption of A4 was judgedcomplete, the system was immediately purged with N₂ for 20 min andtreated with solid thiourea (840 mg, 11.04 mmol). The reaction waswarmed to rt slowly over 5 hours and stirred at rt for 6 hours. Thesolvents were removed in vacuo, and the crude mixture was purified byflash chromatography (20% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 2.40 g (80%) ofaldehyde 102 as a colorless oil. 102: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.31; IR(film) 2868, 2729, 1723, 1612, 1513, 1458, 1384, 1303, 1249, 1174, 1094,822, 742 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.17 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, C27),2.57 (11H, ddd, J=16.6, 7.8, 2.4 Hz, C24), 2.67 (11H, ddd, J=16.6, 4.4,1.6 Hz, C24), 3.71 (1H, dq, J=6.4, 4.5 Hz, C26), 3.78 (3H, s, CH₃O),4.05 (1H, ddd, J=7.8, 4.5, 4.4 Hz, C25), 4.45 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz, CH₂Ph),4.50 (2H, s, CH₂Ph), 4.58 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz, CH₂Ph), 6.84 (2H, d, J=8.7Hz, Ar), 7.20-7.35 (7H, m, Ar), 9.70 (1H, dd, J=2.4, 1.6 Hz, CHO); ¹³CNMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.2, 44.1, 55.1, 70.9, 72.0, 74.5, 75.1, 113.8,127.7, 127.7, 128.4, 129.5, 130.2, 138.4, 159.4, 201.4; HRMS Calcd forC₂₀H₂₄O₄ (M): 328.1675. Found: 328.1664; Anal. Calcd for C₂₀H₂₄O₄: C,73.13; H, 7.37. Found: C, 72.81; H, 7.40; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−9.1° (c 1.06,CH₂Cl₂).

1B. Diketone 101

A mixture of methylisopropyl ketone (53.4 mL, 0.5 mol) andparaformaldehyde (19.5 g, 0.65 mol) in 200 mL CF₃CO₂H was stirred at 60°C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated on a rotaryevaporator (warm water bath) with a KOH trap and poured into a cold (5°C.) mixture of EtOAc and sat. aqueous NaHCO₃. The layers were separatedand the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, andconcentrated in vacuo. Short path distillation gave the trifluoroacetateester of 3,3-dimethyl-4-hydroxy butanone (bp=53-55° C. at 2 mm Hg, 72.4g) in 68% yield. This material was dissolved in 400 mL MeOH and treatedwith 190 mL of 2N NaOH at 0° C. After 1 h at 0° C., the reaction mixturewas concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between EtOAcand sat. aqueous NH₄Cl. The organic layer was washed with brine, driedover MgSO₄, and concentrated to afford 40.1 g (−100%) of3,3-dimethyl-4-hydroxy butanone (A5) as a colorless liquid. Crude AS wastaken up in 200 mL anhydrous DMF and treated witht-butyldimethylsilylchloride (57.3 g, 0.38 mol) and imidazole (25.9 g,0.38 mol) at 0° C. After stirring at rt for 2 h, the solution wasdiluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and brine,dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was distilledunder reduced pressure to afford silyl ether ketone A6 (bp=65° C. at 1.5mm Hg, 55.76 g, 81%) as a colorless oil.

A6: R_(f) (25% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.90; IR (film) 2957, 2931, 2858, 1713,1473, 1362, 1257, 1136, 1097, 838, 777 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHZ, CDCl₃) δ0.03 (6H, s), 0.87 (9H, s), 1.09 (6H, s), 2.17 (3H, s), 3.57 (2H, s); ³CNMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.7, 18.1, 21.4, 25.7, 26.1, 49.6, 70.2, 213.4;HRMS Calcd for C₁₂H₂₆O₂Si (M⁺-CH₃): 215.1467. Found: 215.1469.

To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (12.6 mL, 96 mmol) in THF (200mL) was added n-butyllithium (38.4 mL, 2.5M in hexane, 96 mmol) dropwiseat 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, cooled to −78° C.,and treated with a solution of ketone A6 (20.0 g, 87 mmol) in THF (50mL) slowly over 10 min. After stirring at −78° C. for 40 min,acetaldehyde (5.34 mL, 96 mmol) was added and the mixture was kept at−78° C. for 2 h and at −40° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched withsaturated NH₄Cl solution (20 mL) and allowed to warm gradually to rt.The mixture was extracted with ether and the combined organics werewashed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to affordnearly pure aldol A7 (19 g, 80%) as a pale yellow oil. An analyticalsample was obtained following chromatography on silica gel.

A7: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.33; IR (film) 2958, 2930, 2858, 1699,1472, 1392, 1363, 1258, 1101, 838, 777 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ4.16 (1H, m), 3.55 (2H, s), 3.36 (1H, s), 2.74 (1H, dd, J=18.0, 2.4 Hz),2.68 (1H, dd, J=18.0, 9.0 Hz), 1.16 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.08 (3H, s),1.07 (3H, s), 0.85 (9H, s), 0.01 (6H, s); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.7,18.1, 21.3, 22.3, 25.8, 46.2, 49.7, 63.9, 70.2, 216.8; Anal. Calcd forC₁₄H₃₀O₃Si: C, 61.26; H, 11.02. Found: C, 61.01; H, 11.28.

Formula 101

To a solution of oxalyl chloride (5.3 mL, 60.4 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL)was added dimethyl sulfoxide (8.56 mL, 120.8 mmol) dropwise at −78° C.After 20 min, a solution of crude alcohol A7 (15.0 g, 54.9 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) was added over 10 min and the mixture was stirred at−78° C. for 1 h. Et₃N (38 mL, 275 mmol) was added and the mixture wasstirred for 20 min, brought to 0° C., quenched with sat. aqueous NH₄Cland diluted with EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layerwas extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organics were washed withbrine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatographyon silica gel (5→10% EtOAc/hexanes) provided enolic β-diketone 101 (12.0g, 81%) as a yellow oil.

101: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.68; IR (film) 2957, 2930, 1606, 1472,1362, 1257, 1102, 838, 777 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHZ, CDCl₃) δ 0.01 (6H, s),0.85 (9H, s), 1.10 (6H, s), 2.05 (3H, s), 3.53 (2H, s), 5.62 (1H, s);¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.5, 18.3, 22.1, 25.5, 25.9, 44.9, 70.0, 98.0,192.6, 198.5; Anal. Calcd for C₁₄H₂₈O₃Si: C, 61.72; H, 10.36. Found: C,61.08; H, 10.43.

1C. Dibenzyl Ether Octanoate 111

Formulae 104a and 104b

To a solution of diisopropylamine (3.21 mL, 23 mmol) in 25 mL THF at−60° C. was added n-butyllithium (1.6 M in hexanes, 13.83 mL, 22.13mmol) dropwise. The colorless solution was warmed to 0° C. and stirredfor 30 min. A THF solution (35 mL) of diketone 101 (Example 1B) (2.98 g,10.9 mmol) was subsequently added via cannula and the mixture wasstirred for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction was re-cooled to −78° C. andtreated with a solution of aldehyde 102 (Example 1A) (3.0 g, 9.15 mmol)in 35 mL THF. After 30 min at −78° C., the mixture was quenched withsat. NH₄Cl and brought to rt. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O,the combined organics were dried over MgSO₄ and the solvent was removedin vacuo. The crude residue was quickly passed through a column ofsilica gel (20% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide 5.40 g (98%) of aldoldiastereomer mixture 103 as an approximately 1:1 mixture ofdiastereomers.

A portion of isolated 103 (2.50 g, 4.2 mmol) was dissolved in 60 mLanhydrous toluene and treated with 4 Å molecular sieves (1.55 g) andp-toluenesulfonic acid (60 mg). The reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 4.5 h, quenched with 2 mL pyridine and concentrated. Theresidue was taken up in Et₂O, washed with sat. NaHCO₃, dried over MgSO₄and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Flash chromatography (20→25%EtOAc/hexanes) afforded pyrone compounds 104a (1.0 g) and 104b (1.2 g)in 90% overall yield as colorless oils.

104b: R_(f) (30% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.59; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.05(6H, s, TBS), 0.85 (9H, s, TBS), 1.05 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.06 (3H, s, C18Me), 1.20 (3H, d, J=5.8 Hz, C27), 1.98 (2H, m, C24), 2.12 (1H, dd,J=16.7, 3.6 Hz, C24), 2.28 (1H, dd, J=16.7, 13.7 Hz, C22), 3.44 (2H, s,C17), 3.54 (1H, m, C25), 3.72 (1H, m, C26), 3.81 (3H, s, CH₃O), 4.23(1H, m, C23), 4.40 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.47 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz,CH₂Ph), 4.52 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.63 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz, CH₂Ph),5.39 (1H, s, C20), 6.85 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, Ar), 7.17-7.35 (7H, m, Ar);¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.5, 14.7, 18.2, 22.4, 25.9, 34.5, 40.9,42.4, 55.4, 69.6, 71.2, 72.0, 74.3, 76.2, 103.5, 114.1, 127.9, 128.0,128.7, 128.8, 129.9, 130.4, 138.8, 159.7, 182.2, 193.7; HRMS Calcd forC₃₄H₅₀O₆Si (M⁺): 582.3377. Found: 582.3370.

104a: R_(f) (30% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.52; IR 2955, 2857, 1667, 1599, 1514,1397, 1336, 1301, 1249, 1174, 1102, 838 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ0.05 (6H, s, TBS), 0.87 (9H, s, TBS), 1.10 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.14 (3H, s,C18 Me), 1.21 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz, C27), 1.71 (1H, m, C24), 2.10 (1H, m,C24), 2.42 (2H, m, C22), 3.48 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz, C17), 3.58 (1H, d, J=9.3Hz, C17), 3.76 (1H, m, C26), 3.82 (3H, s, CH₃O), 3.83 (1H, m, C25), 4.43(1H, d, J=10.7 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.56 (1H, br m, C23), 4.57 (11H, d, J=11.8Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.63 (11H, d, J=10.7 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.65 (11H, d, J=11.8 Hz,CH₂Ph), 5.47 (11H, s, C20), 6.87 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz, Ar), 7.20 (2H, d,J=8.6 Hz, Ar), 7.32-7.38 (5H, m, Ar);

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.6, 14.4, 18.1, 22.3, 22.5, 25.7, 35.2, 41.5,42.3, 55.2, 69.4, 71.1, 72.8, 74.8, 75.9, 76.4, 103.2, 113.8, 127.5,128.3, 129.3, 130.3, 138.5, 159.2, 181.1, 193.4; HRMS Calcd forC₃₄H₅₀O₆Si (M⁺): 582.3377. Found: 582.3369; Anal. Calcd for C₃₄H₅₀O₆Si:C, 70.06; H, 8.65. Found: C, 69.95; H, 8.77; [α]_(D) ²⁰=+43.9° (c 0.70,CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 105

To a solution of pyrone 104a (680 mg, 2.4 mmol) and CeCl₃, 7H₂O (218 mg,0.59 mmol) in 40 mL methanol was added solid NaBH₄ (89 mg, 2.3 mmol) ina single portion at −20° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at20° C. and then quenched with 50 mL brine. The mixture was brought tort, filtered through a pad of Celite™ and extracted with EtOAc (4×). Thecombined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo toafford a crude allylic alcohol. This moderately stable oil was carriedforward without purification.

Crude allylic alcohol was dissolved in 45 mL CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (2:1) andtreated with solid NaHCO₃ (243 mg, 2.9 mmol). Purified m-CPBA (377 mg,2.20 mmol) was added in a single portion and the reaction mixture wasstirred at rt for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with Et₃N (15 mL),stirred for 20 min, diluted with 200 mL Et₂O, and filtered through a padof Celite™. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography (40% EtOAc/hexanes) to give 650 mg (71%from 104a) of syn diol 105 as a colorless oil.

105: R_(f) (30% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.29; IR (film) 3372, 1613, 1514, 1465,1390, 1302, 1249, 1180, 1150, 1072, 935, 837, 779, 736, 698, 673 cm⁻¹;¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.09 (6H, s, TBS), 0.91 (9H, s, TBS), 1.03(3H, s, C18 Me), 1.07 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.18 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz, C27),1.50-1.68 (2H, m, C24/C22), 1.80 (1H, m, C22), 2.57 (1H, app d, J=11.2Hz, C24), 3.28 (3H, s, CH₃O), 3.39, (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz, C17), 3.62 (1H,d, J=11.2 Hz, C17), 3.79 (3H, s, CH₃O), 3.71-3.94 (5H, m, CH₂Ph,C23/C25/C26), 4.40 (1H, d, J=10.7 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.56 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz,CH₂Ph), 4.62 (1H, d, J=11.5 Hz, CH₂Ph), 5.40 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz, OH), 6.84(2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, PMB), 7.18 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, PMB), 7.37-7.26 (5H, m,Bn).

Formula 106

A solution of diol 105 (0.81 g, 1.28 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine(DMAP, 0.55 g, 4.48 mmol) in 22 mL CH₂Cl₂ was cooled to −10° C. andtreated with benzoyl chloride (193 μL, 1.66 mmol) dropwise via syringe.The resulting mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 30 min, quenched withsat NaHCO₃ and diluted with EtOAc (150 mL). The organic layer was washedwith H₂O and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo toafford a crude mixture of C21 monobenzoate and 4-dimethylaminopyridineas a colorless paste.

The crude C21 monobenzoate was taken up in 45 mL CH₂Cl₂ and treated withsolid 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one(Dess-Martin periodinane or DMP, 1.78 g, 4.20 mmol) at rt. The solutionwas stirred for 10 h at rt after which a second portion (0.50 g, 1.18mmol) of DMP was added. The opaque white mixture was stirred for another1.5 h and quenched with 30 mL sat. NaHCO₃/Na₂S₂O₃. The two phase systemwas vigorously stirred until the organic layer cleared (−25 min) Thelayers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂(2×). The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated invacuo to provide a colorless semi-solid. Flash chromatography on silicagel (25% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 106 (0.85 g-90% from 105) as a colorlessoil.

106: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.43; IR (film) 2954, 2933, 1754, 1723,1610, 1513, 1451, 1267, 1251 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.01 (6H,s, TBS), 0.88 (9H, s, TBS), 1.12 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.14 (3H, s, C18 Me),1.19 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz, C27), 1.64-1.73 (11H, m, C24), 1.82-1.90 (1H, m,C24), 2.13 (1H, app q, J=12.4 Hz, C22), 2.40 (1H, ddd, J=12.4, 6.5, 1.6Hz, C22), 3.54 (3H, s, C19 OCH₃), 3.65 (1H, d, J=9.2 Hz, C17), 3.69 (1H,d, J=9.2 Hz, C17) 3.72-3.81 (2H, m), 3.81 (3H, s, ArOCH₃), 3.89 (1H, m),4.49 (1H, d, J=10.7 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.57 (1H, d, J=13.0 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.61(1H, d, J=13.0 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.62 (1H, d, J=10.7 Hz, CH₂Ar), 5.80 (1H, dd,J=12.9, 6.3 Hz, C21), 6.87 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz, Ar), 7.26-7.36 (7H, m, Ar),7.45 (2H, m, Ar), 7.58 (1H, app t, J=7.2 Hz, Ar), 8.09 (2H, d, J=7.2 Hz,Ar); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.3, 14.7, 18.5, 20.4, 20.6, 26.1, 35.5,40.4, 45.1, 53.8, 55.5, 65.4, 67.2, 71.4, 73.0, 73.3, 75.1, 103.8,114.1, 127.9, 128.6, 128.7, 129.7, 129.9, 130.2, 131.0, 133.6, 138.9,159.6, 165.9, 198.6; HRMS Calcd for C₄₂H₅₈O₉Si (M⁺-MeOH): 702.3588.Found: 702.3563; Anal. Calcd for C₄₂H₅₈O₉Si: C, 68.63; H, 7.96. Found:C, 68.28; H, 8.11; [α]_(D) ²=+22.4° (c 1.53, CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 107

A solution of benzoate 106 (0.85 g, 1.16 mmol) in 20 mL THF/MeOH (3:1)was titrated with SmI₂ (0.1 M in THF, 25.5 mL, 2.55 mmol) at −78° C.until an olive green color persisted. The reaction mixture was quenchedwith 4 mL sat. NaHCO₃, warmed to rt and diluted with EtOAc (150 mL). Theorganic layer was washed with NaHCO₃, H₂O and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography on silica gel (20%EtOAc/hexanes) afforded ketone 107 (675 mg, 95%) as a light yellow oil.

107: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.39; IR (film) 2954, 2930, 1723, 1612,1514, 1464, 1250, 1088 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.01 (6H, s,TBS), 0.87 (9H, s, TBS), 0.95 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.05 (3H, s, C18 Me),1.19 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz, C27), 1.64 (1H, m, C24), 1.85-1.96 (3H, m,C21+C24), 2.29 (1H, 5 line m, C22), 2.65 (1H, m, C22), 3.23 (3H, s, C19OCH₃), 3.31 (1H, d, J=9.9 Hz, C17), 3.71 (1H, d, J=9.9 Hz, C17), 3.78(3H, s, ArOCH₃), 3.79 (11H, m), 3.98 (11H, m), 4.17 (11H, m), 4.43 (11H,d, J=11.0 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.58 (2H, s, CH₂Ar), 4.60 (11H, d, J=11.0 Hz,CH₂Ar), 6.84 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, PMB), 7.19 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, PMB),7.28-7.35 (5H, m, Bn); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.5, −5.4, 14.5, 18.6,19.8, 20.2, 26.0, 29.7, 36.5, 38.2, 46.2, 52.4, 55.4, 68.6, 70.6, 71.3,72.3, 74.7, 103.6, 114.1, 127.9, 128.7, 129.6, 131.0, 138.9, 159.5,207.5; HRMS Calcd for C₃₅H₅₄O₇Si (M⁺-MeOH): 582.3377. Found: 582.3372;Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₅₄O₇Si: C, 68.37; H, 8.85. Found: C, 68.04; H, 8.84;[α]²⁰=+21.9° (c 0.72, CH₂Cl₂).

109.1 (Formula 109 where R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To a solution of diisopropylamine (150 (L, 1.15 mmol) in THF (1.61 mL)was added n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 440 ΦL, 1.10 mmol) dropwise at 0° C.After 5 min at 0° C., a 1.81 mL aliquot (0.5 M LDA, 0.90 mmol) wasremoved via syringe and slowly added to a solution of ketone 107 (483mg, 0.79 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at −78° C. The solution was stirred for 10min, treated with a stock solution of OHCCO₂Me (0.5 M in Et₂O, 4.0 mL,2.0 mmol), kept at −78° C. for 20 min and quenched with 3 mL sat. NH₄Cl.The reaction mixture was brought to rt and diluted with 200 mL EtOAc.The organic layer was washed with H₂O (2×) and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was chromatographed onsilica gel (35% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford residual 107 (142 mg) andaldols 108 as a mixture of diastereomers (352 mg, 90% based on recovered107).

The isolated 108 mixture and Et₃N (418 ΦL, 3.0 mmol) were dissolved inanhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) and cooled to −10° C. Methanesulfonylchloride(116 ΦL, 1.5 mmol) was added via syringe and the solution was stirred at−10° C. for 30 min. 5 mL sat. NaHCO₃ was added, the reaction mixture waswarmed to rt and diluted with 100 mL EtOAc. The organic layer was washedwith H₂O and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was immediately dissolved in THF (30 mL) and treated with1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 75 ΦL, 0.50 mmol) dropwise atrt. The resulting bright yellow solution was stirred at rt for 20 min,treated with sat. NH₄Cl and diluted with 150 mL EtOAc. The organic layerwas washed with H₂O and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated invacuo to afford an orange residue which was chromatographed on silicagel (20% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford exocyclic methacrylate (enone) 109.1(267 mg, 78% from 108) as a yellow oil.

109.1: R_(f) (30% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.63; IR (film) 2954, 2930, 1724, 1707,1612, 1514, 1464, 1250, 1088 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.05 (6H,s, TBS), 0.81 (9H, s, TBS), 0.91 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.00 (3H, s, C18 Me),1.19 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, C27), 1.74 (1H, m, C24), 1.94 (1H, m, C24), 2.71(1H, ddd, J=17.6, 12.4, 3.1 Hz, C22), 3.19 (3H, s, C19 OCH₃), 3.26 (1H,d, J=10.0 Hz, C17), 3.49 (1H, d, J=17.6 Hz, C22), 3.68 (1H, d, J=10.0Hz, C17), 3.74 (3H, s), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.80 (1H, m), 3.97 (1H, m), 4.19(1H, m), 4.40 (1H, d, J=10.9 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.53-4.63 (3H, m, CH₂Ar), 6.64(1H, d, J=1.9 Hz, C34), 6.82 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, PMB), 7.14 (2H, d, J=8.7Hz, PMB), 7.27-7.36 (5H, m, Bn); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.9, −5.8,14.1, 18.3, 19.3, 19.8, 25.7, 35.2, 36.0, 46.6, 51.6, 52.1, 55.1, 68.2,69.5, 71.0, 71.7, 74.2, 76.0, 104.0, 113.8, 122.4, 127.6, 128.4, 129.1,130.6, 138.6, 147.3, 159.2, 166.4, 196.2; HRMS Calcd for C₃₈H₅₆O₉Si(M⁺-MeOH): 652.3433. Found: 652.3435; Anal. Calcd for C₃₈H₅₆O₉Si: C,66.64; H, 8.24. Found: C, 66.87; H, 8.13; [α]=−55.8° (c 0.78, CH₂Cl₂).

111.1 (Formula III where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To a solution of enone 109.1 (502 mg, 0.734 mmol) and CeCl₃.7H₂O (137mg, 0.367 mmol) in methanol (23 mL) was added solid NaBH₄ (56 mg, 1.47mmol) in a single portion at −30° C. Rapid gas evolution subsided after3 min. After an additional 30 min at −30° C., the reaction mixture waspoured directly onto a silica gel column and the product quickly elutedwith 25% EtOAc/hexanes to afford the corresponding axial alcohol 110.1(478 mg) as a colorless oil.

Octanoic acid (232 mg, 1.61 mmol) and Et₃N (292 μL, 2.20 mmol) weredissolved in 20 mL toluene and treated with2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride (230 μL, 1.47 mmol) dropwise at rt. After1 h at rt, a toluene solution (7 mL) of freshly prepared 110.1 was addedgradually via syringe and stirring was continued for 40 min. Thereaction mixture was quenched with 10 mL sat. NaHCO₃, diluted with EtOAcand washed successively with sat. NH₄Cl and brine. The organics weredried over Na₂SO₄, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue waschromatographed on silica gel (25% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide octanoate111.1 as a colorless oil (551 mg, 93% from 109.1).

111.1: R_(f) (25% Et₂O/hexanes)=0.33; IR (film) 2928, 2857, 1747, 1722,1667, 1614, 1514, 1463, 1250, 1155, 1081, 836.2 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300MHz,CDCl₃) δ −0.01 (6H, s, TBS), 0.88 (12H, br s, TBS+octanoate Me), 0.99(3H, s, C18 Me), 1.03 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.19 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz, C27),1.20-1.35 (8H, m), 1.60-1.80 (3H, m), 1.89 (1H, m, C24), 2.31-2.40 (3H,m), 3.26 (3H, s, C19 OCH₃), 3.44 (1H, dd, J=15.6, 1.8 Hz, C22), 3.56(1H, d, J=9.3 Hz, C17), 3.60 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz, C17), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.78(1H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.93 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz), 4.13 (1H, m), 4.38(1H, d, J=10.8 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.57 (1H, d, J=10.8 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.60 (2H, s,CH₂Ar), 5.57 (1H, s, C20), 5.89 (1H, s, C34), 6.83 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz,PMB), 7.16 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, PMB), 7.28-7.38 (5H, m, Bn); ¹³C NMR (75MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.4, 14.1, 14.2, 14.4, 18.4, 20.7, 22.7, 24.8, 26.0,28.9, 26.0, 28.9, 31.7, 33.2, 34.6, 36.4, 47.1, 51.2, 55.3, 67.6, 68.1,71.2, 72.2, 74.7, 76.5, 103.1, 114.0, 117.0, 127.8, 128.6, 129.5, 129.9,130.9, 139.0, 153.1, 159.5, 166.7, 172.2; HRMS Calcd for C₄₆H₇₂O₁₀Si(M⁺-MeOH): 780.4632. Found: 780.4610; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−5.1° (c 1.80, CH₂Cl₂).

Example 2 Exemplary Linkers

2A. Ketal Acid 406

Formula 402

To a stirred solution of the 1,3 menthone acetal of 1,3,5-pentanetriol401 (3.33 g, 13 mmol) prepared by the method of Harada et al. (1993) in23 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was added1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (Dess-Martinperiodinane, 6.60 g, 15.6 mmol) in a single portion. The mixture wasstirred at rt for 30 min, poured onto a column of silica gel and theproduct eluted with 15% EtOAc/hexanes to afford 3.013 g (90%) of purealdehyde 402 as a colorless oil.

402: R_(f) (20% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.50; IR (film) 2952, 2869, 1728, 1456,1383, 1308, 1265 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.80 (1H, dd, J=1.8,2.5 Hz), 4.36 (1H, dddd, J=2.9, 4.3, 7.4, 8.2 Hz), 4.13 (1H, ddd, J=2.7,11.7, 11.9 Hz), 3.83 (1H, ddd, J=1.3, 5.2, 11.7 Hz), 2.72 (1H, ddd,J=1.9, 3.1, 13.5 Hz), 2.56 (1H, ddd, J=2.5, 8.2, 16.1 Hz), 2.44 (1H,ddd, J=1.8, 4.3, 16.1 Hz), 2.39 (1H, dsept, J=1.6, 7.1 Hz), 1.54-1.76(3H, m), 1.29-1.53 (4H, m), 1.17 (1H, ddd, J=1.9, 4.1, 12.4 Hz), 0.90(3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 0.87 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 0.85 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 0.72(1H, t, J=13.2 Hz); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 201.4, 100.9, 63.8, 58.7,51.1, 49.9, 37.2, 34.8, 31.1, 28.9, 24.2, 23.7, 22.2, 21.7, 18.8; HRMSCalc'd for C₁₅H₂₆O₃: 254.1882. Found: 254.1877; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−11.2° (c1.28, CHCl₃).

Formulae 403a and 403b

To a stirred solution of aldehyde 402 (3.013 g, 11.86 mmol) in 40 mL ofanhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was added a solution of (+)-Eu(hfc)₃ (1.42 g, 1.19mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (16 mL) at rt. The resultant clear yellow solution wasstirred for 5 min before 1-methoxy-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadiene(3.47 mL, 3.07 g, 17.8 mmol) was introduced via syringe. The yellowsolution was stirred at rt for 20 h, treated with 0.5 mL CF₃CO₂H andstirred for an additional 15 min. The solution was quenched with sat.NaHCO₃, diluted with EtOAc (200 mL), washed with H₂O and brine, driedover MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flashchromatography (20->25% EtOAc/hexanes) provided anti pyrone 403b (2.53g, 66%) and syn pyrone 403a (1.30 g, 34%) as colorless solids.

403b: mp=113-114° C. (hexanes); R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.25; ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.31 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 5.40 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 4.67(1H, dddd, J=3.0, 5.8, 9.6, 11.8 Hz), 4.03-4.15 (2H, m), 3.81 (1H, ddd,J=1.2, 5.2, 11.6 Hz), 2.70 (1H, ddd, J=1.9, 2.8, 13.5 Hz), 2.42-2.56(2H, m), 2.38 (1H, dsept, J=1.6, 6.9 Hz), 1.91 (1H, ddd, J=2.3, 9.6,14.3 Hz), 1.28-1.75 (8H, m), 1.18 (1H, ddd, J=1.9, 3.9, 12.5 Hz), 0.88(3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 0.87 (3H, d, J=7.1 Hz), 0.83 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 0.70(1H, t, J=12.6 Hz); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 192.7, 162.9, 107.3,100.7, 75.7, 63.3, 58.9, 51.1, 42.5, 41.7, 37.3, 34.8, 31.7, 29.0, 24.2,23.6, 22.2, 21.9, 18.9; LRMS (EI): 322 (68), 307 (22), 265 (33), 237(67), 153 (24), 191 (94), 139 (52), 112 (20), 97 (100), 83 (31), 81(47), 71 (24), 69 (35); HRMS Calcd for C₁₉H₃₀O₄: 322.2144. Found:322.2142; Anal. Calcd for C₁₉H₃₀O₄: C, 70.77; H, 9.38. Found: C, 70.91;H, 9.58; [α]_(D) ²⁰=+42.5° (c 1.59, CH₂Cl₂).

403a: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.15; IR 2952, 2869, 1682, 1597, 1456,1405, 1269 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.33 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 5.40(1H, dd, J=0.9, 6.0 Hz), 4.61 (1H, dddd, J=2.8, 11.6, 12.0 Hz), 4.09(1H, ddd, J=2.8, 11.6, 12.0 Hz), 4.00 (1H, dddd, J=1.0, 4.2, 8.3, 15.5Hz), 3.81 (1H, ddd, J=1.4, 5.4, 11.6 Hz), 2.67 (1H, ddd, J=1.9, 3.2,13.5 Hz), 2.63 (1H, dd, J=13.3, 16.8 Hz), 2.47 (1H, ddd, J=0.9, 4.0,16.8 Hz), 2.39 (1H, dsept, J=1.6, 6.9 Hz), 2.02 (1H, ddd, J=5.6, 8.3,14.0 Hz), 1.79 (1H, ddd, J=4.2, 6.9, 14.0 Hz), 1.20-1.75 (7H, m), 1.17(1H, ddd, J=1.9, 3.8, 12.6 Hz), 0.89 (3H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 0.87 (3H, d,J=6.9 Hz), 0.86 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 0.70 (1H, t, J=13.5 Hz); ¹³C NMR (75MHz, CDCl₃) δ 192.6, 163.3, 107.1, 100.7, 76.4, 63.9, 58.8, 51.1, 41.6,40.9, 37.3, 34.7, 31.4, 29.3, 24.2, 23.7, 22.2, 21.8, 18.8; LRMS (EI):322 (61), 307 (18), 265 (27), 237 (56), 151 (21), 139 (33), 112 (17), 97(100), 83 (26), 81 (34), 71 (17), 69 (60); HRMS Calcd for C₁₉H₃₀O₄:322.2144. Found: 322.2146; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−57.8° (c 1.5, CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 404

To a stirred solution of pyrone 403a (1.30 g, 4.04 mmol) in 40 mL ofanhydrous MeOH was added CeCl₃.7H₂O (904 mg, 2.43 mmol) at rt. Afterstirring for 10 min, the mixture was cooled to −40° C. and NaBH₄ (306mg, 8.09 mmol) was added in one portion. The mixture was stirred for anadditional 15 min before quenching with a 1:1 mixture of brine and H₂O.The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (4×). The combined organicswere washed with sat. NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated to afford a clear oil. Purification by flash chromatography(30% EtOAc/hexanes containing 1% Et₃N) afforded unstable allylic alcohol404 (1.08 g, 82%) as a single diastereomer.

404: IR (film) 3386, 2951, 2869, 1643, 1456, 1380, 1307, 1268, 1231cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.35 (1H, br d, J=5.4 Hz), 4.75 (1H,ddd, J=1.9, 1.9, 6.1 Hz), 4.36-4.46 (1H, m), 4.08-4.17 (1H, m), 4.08(1H, ddd, J=2.7, 12.4, 12.4 Hz), 3.98 (1H, dddd, J=2.7, 5.2, 7.9, 10.9Hz), 3.81 (1H, ddd, J=1.5, 5.2, 11.5 Hz), 2.69 (1H, br d, J=13.5 Hz),2.39 (1H, dsept, J=1.7, 6.9 Hz), 2.18 (1H, dddd, J=1.7, 1.9, 6.4, 13.0Hz), 1.90 (1H, ddd, J=6.6, 7.7, 14.0 Hz), 1.33-1.74 (9H, m), 1.17 (1H,ddd, J=1.9, 4.4, 12.3 Hz), 0.90 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 0.88 (6H, d, J=6.9Hz), 0.69 (1H, t, J=12.7 Hz); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 145.3, 105.5,100.6, 71.4, 64.3, 63.0, 58.9, 51.2, 41.5, 37.7, 37.4, 34.9, 31.3, 29.2,24.2, 23.7, 22.2, 21.8, 18.8; [α]_(D) ²⁰=+2.0° (c 0.59, CHCl₃).

Formula 405

To a solution of 1.08 g (3.32 mmol) of allylic alcohol 404 in 66 mL ofethylvinylether was added mercury(II) trifluoroacetate (142 mg, 0.33mmol) in a single portion at 10° C. The resulting colorless solution wasstirred for 20 h at 5° C., diluted with Et₂O, washed with sat. NaHCO₃and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo to give a clear,colorless oil. Rapid flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes containing1% Et₃N) afforded 865 mg (74%) of the corresponding allyl vinyl etheralong with 208 mg (19%) of recovered 404. The vinyl ether wasimmediately dissolved in 100 mL n-nonane and heated at 145° C. for 3.5h. The solution was cooled to 70-80° C. and the solvent was removed byshort path distillation at reduced pressure. The remaining residue waspurified by flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide Claisenproduct 405 (612 mg, 71%) as a colorless oil.

405: R_(f) (30% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.75; IR (film) 2950, 2869, 1728, 1646,1456, 1373, 1307, 1267 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.78 (1H, t,J=2.4 Hz), 5.89 (1H, dddd, J=2.0, 2.0, 4.7, 10.0 Hz), 5.64 (1H, dddd,J=1.3, 1.3, 2.5, 10.0 Hz), 4.57-4.66 (1H, m), 4.08 (1H, ddd, J=2.7,12.1, 12.1 Hz), 3.90-4.01 (1H, m), 3.66-3.82 (2H, m), 2.69 (1H, ddd,J=1.9, 3.0, 13.4 Hz), 2.55 (2H, dd, J=2.4, 6.2 Hz), 2.40 (1H, dsept,J=1.6, 6.9 Hz), 1.12-2.14 (12H, m), 0.89 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 0.88 (6H, d,J=7.1 Hz), 0.68 (1H, t, J=12.9 Hz); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 201.7,128.5, 126.3, 100.5, 70.6, 70.5, 64.4, 59.1, 51.2, 48.5, 42.5, 37.4,34.9, 31.5, 30.7, 29.1, 24.3, 23.7, 22.2, 21.9, 18.9; MS (EI) 350 (51),335 (45), 322 (14), 293 (65), 279 (15), 265 (52), 255 (15), 139 (17),135 (29), 97 (28), 83 (43), 81 (100), 79 (17), 69 (27), 67 (24); HRMSCalcd for C₂₁H₃₄O₄: 350.2457. Found: 350.2466; [α]_(D) ²⁷=0° (CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 406

To a stirred mixture of trimethylsilyl diethylphosphonoacetate (72 μl,76.7 mg, 0.286 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1 mL) was added of n-butyllithium(2.5 M in hexanes, 109 μL, 0.272 mmol) dropwise at −78° C. Afterstirring for 20 min at −78° C. and 15 min at rt, the mixture was cooledto −78° C. and treated with a THF solution (1 mL) of aldehyde 405 (45mg, 0.129 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to rt over 2 h andstirring was continued for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with 50 mL EtOAcand acidified with 10 mL of a 0.1 N aqueous NaHSO₄ solution. The phaseswere separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×). Thecombined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, andconcentrated to give a colorless oil. Rapid filtration through a shortpad of silica gel (20% acetone/benzene) gave a crude product which wasdissolved in 2 mL methanol. Palladium on activated charcoal (10%, ˜5 mg)was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h underballoon pressure of hydrogen gas. Filtration through Celite™ and flashchromatography on silica gel (40% EtOAc/hexanes containing 1% aceticacid) gave 21.8 mg (0.055 mmol, 43%) of ketal carboxylic acid 406 as aclear, colorless oil. R_(f) (40% EtOAc/hexanes+1% AcOH)=0.44; IR (film)3500-2500, 2938, 2868, 1711, 1456, 1377, 1307, 1268, 1158, 1113 cm¹; ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.08 (ddd, 1H, J=2.6, 12.4, 12.4 Hz), 3.98 (dddd,1H, J=2.4, 6.6, 6.6, 10.7 Hz), 3.81 (ddd, 1H, J=1.2, 5.2, 11.5 Hz),3.38-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.31 (m, 1H), 2.70 (br d, 1H, J=12.5 Hz),2.29-2.47 (m, 3H), 1.62-1.86 (m, 5H), 1.34-1.62 (m, 11H), 1.07-1.30 (m,3H), 0.78-0.98 (m, 1H), 0.88 (d, 6H, J=7.2 Hz), 0.88 (d, 3H, J=7.0 Hz),0.67 (t, 1H, J=12.9 Hz); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 179.1, 100.5, 74.2,64.6, 59.2, 51.2, 42.9, 37.3, 35.4, 34.9, 33.7, 31.50, 31.46, 31.3,29.0, 24.2, 23.7, 23.6, 22.2, 21.8, 20.9, 18.8; HRMS Calcd for C₂₃H₄₀O₅:396.2876. Found: 396.2870; [α]²⁸ _(D)=−10.5° (c 1.66, CHCl₃).

2B. Ketal Acid 408

Formula 407

To a solution of the aldehyde 405 (Example 2A, 274 mg, 0.778 mmol) inethyl acetate (5 mL) was added Pd/C (10 mg) and the atmosphere wasexchanged to hydrogen, which was applied for 30 min. The mixture wasfiltered and concentrated to give the corresponding crude saturatedaldehyde, which was directly used in the next step.

A stock solution of Ipc₂B(allyl) was prepared by first dissolving(−)-Ipc₂BOMe (700 mg, 2.22 mmol) in ether (4.15 mL) at 0° C. and adding1M allyl magnesium bromide (1.78 mL, 1.78 mmol). The mixture was warmedto rt and stirred for 30 min. In a separate flask, the aldehyde wasdissolved in ether (4 mL) and treated with the stock solution ofIpc₂B(allyl) (0.3 M, 3.9 mL, 1.17 mmol) at −78° C. After stirring for 2h at −78° C., the mixture was treated with hydrogen peroxide (30%, 2 mL)and sodium hydroxide (15%, 2 mL) and warmed to rt. After another 2 h,the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and brine. The aqueouslayer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers weredried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give the correspondingcrude homoallylic alcohol, which was directly used in the next step.

To a solution of the crude homoallylic alcohol in methylene chloride (5mL) at 0° C. was added TBSOTf (534 μL, 2.33 mmol) and diisopropyl ethylamine (676 μL, 3.89 mmol) and stirred for 30 min. The mixture wasdirectly loaded onto silica gel and purified to give the correspondingalkene (237 mg, 60% in 3 steps).

To a solution of the alkene (10 mg, 0.0197 mmol) in tert-butanol (1 mL)at rt was added a solution of KMnO₄ (0.6 mg, 0.0039 mmol) and NaIO₄ (17mg, 0.0788 mmol) in water (buffered pH 7, 1 mL). After 30 min, thereaction mixture was quenched with sodium thiosulfate. The mixture waspartitioned between ethyl acetate and brine. The aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were driedover sodium sulfate, and concentrated. Column chromatography affordedTBS ether 407 (6.3 mg, 71%).

407: R_(f)=0.20 (25% ethyl acetate/hexane); [α]²⁵ _(D)=22.6° (c 0.58,CH₂Cl₂); IR (neat)=2933, 1712, 1457, 1255, 1114 cm¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.44(m, 2H), 2.69 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J=15.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.48(dd, J=15.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (quint, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.85-1.15 (m,20H), 0.88 (br s, 18H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 173.48, 100.44, 73.88, 73.52, 66.15, 64.26, 59.14, 51.24,43.89, 43.25, 42.48, 37.43, 43.97, 32.13, 31.89, 30.93, 29.23, 25.74,24.31, 23.77, 23.52, 22.25, 21.89, 19.15, 17.92, −4.77; HRMS: calcd for(C₂₉H₅₄O₆Si)=526.3689; found (M)=526.3687.

Formula 408

To a solution of the aldehyde 405 (Example 2A, 274 mg, 0.778 mmol) inethyl acetate (5 mL) was added Pd/C (10 mg) and the atmosphere wasexchanged to hydrogen, which was applied for 30 min. The mixture wasfiltered and concentrated to give the corresponding crude saturatedaldehyde, which was directly used in the next step.

A stock solution of Ipc₂B(allyl) was prepared by first dissolving(−)-Ipc₂BOMe (700 mg, 2.22 mmol) in ether (4.15 mL) at 0° C. and adding1M allyl magnesium bromide (1.78 mL, 1.78 mmol). The mixture was warmedto rt and stirred for 30 min. In a separate flask, the aldehyde wasdissolved in ether (4 mL) and treated with the stock solution ofIpc₂B(allyl) (0.3 M, 3.9 mL, 1.17 mmol) at −78° C. After stirring for 2h at −78° C., the mixture was treated with hydrogen peroxide (30%, 2 mL)and sodium hydroxide (15%, 2 mL) and warmed to rt. After another 2 h,the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and brine. The aqueouslayer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers weredried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give the correspondingcrude homoallylic alcohol, which was directly used in the next step.

To a solution of the crude homoallylic alcohol in methylene chloride (5mL) at 0° C. was added TBSOTf (534 μL, 2.33 mmol) and diisopropyl ethylamine (676 μL, 3.89 mmol) and stirred for 30 min. The mixture wasdirectly loaded onto silica gel and purified to give the correspondingalkene (237 mg, 60% in 3 steps).

To a solution of the alkene (10 mg, 0.0197 mmol) in tert-butanol (1 mL)at rt was added a solution of KMnO₄ (0.6 mg, 0.0039 mmol) and NaIO₄ (17mg, 0.0788 mmol) in water (buffered pH 7, 1 mL). After 30 min, thereaction mixture was quenched with sodium thiosulfate. The mixture waspartitioned between ethyl acetate and brine. The aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were driedover sodium sulfate, and concentrated. Column chromatography affordedTBS ether 407 (6.3 mg, 71%).

407: R_(f)=0.20 (25% ethyl acetate/hexane); [α]²⁵ _(D)=22.6° (c 0.58,CH₂Cl₂); IR (neat)=2933, 1712, 1457, 1255, 1114 cm¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.44(m, 2H), 2.69 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J=15.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.48(dd, J=15.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (quint, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.85-1.15 (m,20H), 0.88 (br s, 18H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 173.48, 100.44, 73.88, 73.52, 66.15, 64.26, 59.14, 51.24,43.89, 43.25, 42.48, 37.43, 43.97, 32.13, 31.89, 30.93, 29.23, 25.74,24.31, 23.77, 23.52, 22.25, 21.89, 19.15, 17.92, −4.77; HRMS: calcd for(C₂₉H₅₄O₆Si)=526.3689; found (M)=526.3687.

2C. 9-Hydroxy-9-t-Butyl L3 Linker Synthon 504

Formula 501

To a solution of aldehyde 402 (Example 2A supra, 803 mg, 3.16 mmol) inether (10 mL) was added a solution of 4-pentenyl magnesium bromide (0.8Min ether, 4.74 mL, 3.79 mmol) at −78° C. and the mixture was stirred for30 min. The reaction was quenched with aq. sat. NH₄Cl (10 mL) andallowed to warm to rt. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc (3×10mL) and the combined organics were dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated invacuo. The resulting residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) andDess-Martin Periodinane (2.02 g, 4.74 mmol) was added at rt. After 3hours, sat. aq. Na₂SO₃ (10 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added.The mixture was extracted with CHCl₃ (3×10 mL), washed with sat. aq.NaHCO₃ (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas purified by column chromatography (90% EtOAc/hexane) to obtainketone 501 (730 mg, 71.6%) as a colorless oil. 501: IR (film) 2957,2362, 1716, 1637 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 6, 0.62-0.92 (11H, m),1.12-1.70 (9H, m) 2.03 (2H, dd, J=14.77, 7.63 Hz), 2.24-2.71 (6H, m),3.79 (1H, ddd, J=11.53, 5.22, 1.37 Hz), 4.10 (1H, td, J=11.88, 2.81 Hz),4.22-4.31 (1H, m), 4.94-5.03 (2H, m), 5.68 (1H, m); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz,CDCl₃) 6, 18.82, 21.70, 22.13, 22.37, 23.62, 24.18, 28.59, 31.34, 32.95,34.76, 37.32, 43.73, 49.33, 51.09, 58.81, 65.39, 100.73, 115.21, 138.04,209.56; HRMS (EI) Calc'd. for C₂₀H₃₄O₃: 322.2508. Found: 322.2497.[α]_(D) ²⁵=5.52° (c 4.79, CH₂Cl₂).

502.1 (Formula 502 where R⁸ is t-butyl)

To a solution of ketone 501 (35 mg, 0.109 mmol) in ether (0.6 mL) wasadded t-BuLi (1.6 M in pentane, 75 μL, 0.12 mmol) dropwise at −78° C.The mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min. and then quenched with sat.aq. NH₄Cl (2 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and was thenextracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organics were washed withbrine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (10%EtOAc/hexane) afforded a major diastereomer A31a (17.5 mg, 42%) alongwith a minor diastereomer A31b. (7.4 mg, 18%) as colorless oils(structures not shown). A31a: IR (film): 2956, 1639, 1456 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ, 0.73 (1H, t, J=12.88 Hz), 0.89-0.94 (18H, m),1.17-1.76 (14H, m), 2.00-2.09 (2H, m), 2.38-2.42 (1H, m), 2.73 (1H, d,J=13.73 Hz), 3.47 (1H, s), 3.79 (1H, dd, J=11.60, 5.06 Hz), 4.12 (1H,td, J=11.97, 2.44 Hz), 4.25-4.29 (1H, m), 4.91 (1H, d, J=10.17 Hz), 4.98(1H, d, J=17.63 Hz), 5.77-5.84 (1H, m); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 19.07,22.20, 22.25, 23.15, 23.45, 24.66, 25.43, 25.52, 28.98, 31.80, 34.36,34.51, 34.60, 36.84, 37.54, 39.29, 39.63, 51.30, 58.92, 67.73, 79.0,101.26, 114.31, 139.03; HRMS (EI) Calc'd. for C₂₄H₄₄O₃: 380.3290. Found:380.3281. [α]_(D) ²⁵=5.89° (c 0.85, CDCl₃).

To a solution of major diastereomer A31a (332 mg, 0.872 mmol) in THF (5mL) was added KHMDS (0.5M in toluene, 5.24 mL, 2.62 mmol) in an icebath. TMSCl (284 mg, 2.62 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirredfor 30 minutes. The mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl (5 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organics were washed withbrine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated in vacuo.Chromatography (5% EtOAc/hexane) providing 502.1 (395 mg, 100%) as awhite solid. 502.1: m.p.=60.0° C.; IR (film) 2953, 1642, 1455 cm⁻¹; ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ, 0.132 (6H, s), 0.134 (3H, s), 0.67-1.71 (33H,m), 1.95-1.99 (2H, m), 2.36-2.46 (1H, m), 2.71 (1H, app d, J=14.3 Hz),3.74-3.79 (1H, m), 3.88-3.94 (1H, m), 4.07 (1H, td, J=11.75, 2.96 Hz),4.95 (1H, d, J=10.41 Hz), 5.00 (1H, d, J=17.33 Hz), 5.74-5.85 (1H, m);¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.9, 5.3, 18.9, 21.7, 22.2, 23.8, 24.3, 25.3,26.2, 29.1, 34.2, 34.8, 35.0, 37.6, 39.2, 40.0, 51.3, 59.3, 65.6, 82.9,100.7, 114.6, 138.7; HRMS (EI) Calc'd. for C₂₇H₅₂O₃Si: 452.3686. Found:452.3670; [α]_(D) ²⁶=−11.33° (c 1.56, CDCl₃).

503.1 (Formula 503 where R⁸ is t-butyl)

To a solution of 502.1 (98 mg, 0.216 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) and MeOH(0.5 mL) was bubbled O₃ at −78° C. until a blue color persists. Nitrogengas was then used to purge the system and (EtO)₃P (54 mg, 0.324 mmol)was subsequently added. The mixture was stirred for 3 h and then slowlywarmed to rt. Sat. aq. Na₂SO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture wasextracted with CHCl₃ (3×10 mL). The combined organics were then washedwith brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo.Chromatography (0.5% EtOAc/hexane) afforded 503.1 (63 mg, 64.1%) as acolorless oil. 503.1: IR (film) 2941, 1715, 1454 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 0.134 (9H, s), 0.73 (1H, t, J=13.13 Hz), 0.9-1.81 (32H, m),2.34-2.42 (3H, m), 2.72 (1H, d, J=12.29 Hz), 3.77 (1H, dd, J=11.59, 4.58Hz), 3.92-3.96 (1H, m), 4.08 (1H, td, J=12.28, 2.01 Hz), 9.77 (1H, s);¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ, 3.39, 18.98, 19.29, 22.60, 24.23, 24.71,26.75, 29.76, 34.41, 35.15, 37.77, 38.01, 39.66, 42.95, 45.26, 51.67,59.64, 65.90, 83.08, 100.99, 202.26; HRMS (EI) Calc'd. for C₂₆H₅₀O₄Si:454.3478. Found: 452.3475; [α]_(D) ²⁷=−6.33° (c 2.9, CH₂Cl₂).

504.1 (Formula 504 where R⁸ is t-butyl)

To (−)-Ipc₂BOMe (108.8 mg, 0.34 mmol) (weighed in an inert atmosphere)was added diethyl ether (340 μL). The flask was cooled to −78° C. andallylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M, 310 μL, 0.31 mmol) was added. Theprecipitous mixture was stirred for 15 min. at −78° C. and then slowlywarmed to rt and stirred for 1 hour. Diethyl ether (340 mL) was addedand then a pre-cooled solution of aldehyde 503.1 (40.1 mg, 0.109 mmol)in diethyl ether (160 μL) was added dropwise. The suspension was stirredfor 1 h, then the temperature was slowly raised to rt and 3N NaOH (240μL), 30% hydrogen peroxide (100 μL) and diethyl ether (400 μL) wasadded. The biphasic mixture was refluxed for 1 h and then quenched withwater (9 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL). The combinedorganics were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over sodium sulfate andthe solvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography on silica gel (12.5%EtOAc/hexane) afforded the crude homoallylic alcohol as a yellow oil. Tothis oil in methylene chloride (500 μL) was added imidazole (19 mg,0.276 mmol) and TBSCl (21 mg, 0.138 mmol) The reaction was sealed andstirred for 14 h. The reaction was then quenched with a saturatedsolution of sodium bicarbonate (2 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate(3×5 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (5 mL), driedover sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo.Filtration over silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexane) afforded a crude silylether A34 as a yellow oil (structure not shown). A34: IR (film) 2956,1644, 1462 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.05 (6H, s), 0.05 (9H, s),0.7-1.70 (42H, m), 2.21 (2H, d, J=6.48 Hz), 2.38-2.44 (2H, m), 2.72 (2H,d, J=13.36 Hz), 3.71 (1H, t, J=5.43 Hz), 3.77 (1H, dd, J=11.53, 3.59Hz), 3.88-3.93 (1H, m), 4.07 (1H, td, J=1191, 3.06 Hz), 5.02 (1H, s),5.06 (1H, d, J=3.66 Hz), 5.77-5.88 (1H, m); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ4.06, 3.39, 19.38, 21.48, 22.23, 22.72, 24.25, 24.78, 26.27, 26.69,29.52, 34.58, 35.25, 38.06, 38.38, 38.50, 39.68, 42.02, 43.11, 59.68,51.72, 65.98, 72.08, 83.20, 100.98, 117.06, 135.66; [α]_(D)=−4.18° (c1.0, CDCl₃).

To crude silyl ether A34 in t-butanol (2.3 mL), water (1.4 mL) and pH 7phosphate buffer (465 μL) was added NaIO₄ (79 mg, 0.368 mmol) followedby KMnO₄ (2.9 mg, 0.0184 mmol) The purple solution was stirred for 3 hand then water (3 mL) was added. This mixture was then extracted withethyl acetate (4×5 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine(5 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removedin vacuo and chromatography on silica gel (12.5% EtOAc, 0.1% aceticacid/hexanes) afforded acid 504.1 as well as the P-C3 diastereomericalcohol. 504.1: IR (film): 3433, 2956, 1712, 1461 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 0.08 (3H, s), 0.09 (3H, s), 0.13 (6H, s), 0.70-1.70 (48H, m),2.35-2.55 (3H, m), 2.72 (1H, d, J=12.74 Hz), 3.78 (1H, dd, J=11.34, 3.97Hz,), 3.90-3.92 (1H, m), 4.75 (1H, dd, J=12.45, 11.97 Hz), 4.15 (1H, t,J=4.89 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −4.53, −4.10, 3.39, 18.32, 19.39,21.29, 22.29, 22.66, 24.23, 24.75, 26.12, 26, 72, 29.64, 34.49, 35.19,38.04, 38.38, 38.81, 39.71, 42.11, 43.08, 51.67, 59, 65, 65.93, 69.51,83.10, 101.01, 176.69; [α]_(D) ²⁸=−8.19° (c 2.70, CDCl₃).

2D. 9-t-Butyl L4 Linker Synthon 508

508.1 (Formula 508 where R⁸ is t-butyl)

To (−)-Ipc₂BOMe (108.8 mg, 0.34 mmol) (weighed in an inert atmosphere)was added diethyl ether (340 μL). The flask was cooled to −78° C. andallylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M, 310 μL, 0.31 mmol) was added. Theprecipitous mixture was stirred for 15 min. at −78° C. and then slowlywarmed to rt and stirred for 1 hour. Diethyl ether (340 mL) was addedand then a pre-cooled solution of an aldehyde 506(0.109 mmol) (structurenot shown) prepared as described for compound 10 in Wender et al.(1998c) in diethyl ether (160 μL) was added dropwise. The suspension wasstirred for 1 h, then the temperature was slowly raised to rt and 3NNaOH (240 μL), 30% hydrogen peroxide (100 μL) and diethyl ether (400 μL)was added. The biphasic mixture was refluxed for 1 h and then quenchedwith water (9 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL). Thecombined organics were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography on silicagel (12.5% EtOAc/hexane) afforded the crude homoallylic alcohol as ayellow oil. To this oil in methylene chloride (500 μL) was addedimidazole (19 mg, 0.276 mmol) and TBSCl (21 mg, 0.138 mmol). Thereaction was sealed and stirred for 14 h. The reaction was then quenchedwith a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2 mL) and extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×5 mL). The combined organics were washed withbrine (5 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent wasremoved in vacuo. Filtration over silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexane) affordeda crude silyl ether as a yellow oil. To this oil in t-butanol (2.3 mL),water (1.4 mL) and pH7 phosphate buffer (465 μL) was added NaIO₄ (79 mg,0.368 mmol) followed by KMnO₄ (2.9 mg, 0.0184 mmol). The purple solutionwas stirred for 3 h and then water (3 mL) was added. This mixture wasthen extracted with ethyl acetate (4×5 mL) and the combined organicswere washed with brine (5 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and filtered.The solvent was removed in vacuo and chromatography on silica gel (12.5%EtOAc, 0.1% acetic acid/hexanes) afforded acid 508.1 (34 mg, 56%) as acolorless oil. 508.1: R_(f) (15% ethyl acetate/hexanes)=0.17; IR (film)2700-3300, 2954, 2869, 1713, 1107, 837, 776 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 0.08 (6H, s), 0.69 (1H, t, J=13.1 Hz), 0.76-0.90 (27H, m),1.17-1.25 (3H, m), 1.39-1.61 (6H, m), 1.70-1.82 (3H, m), 2.40 (1H,dsept, J=7.2, 0.9 Hz), 2.58 (1H, dd, J=13.1, 5.6 Hz), 2.68 (1H, br d,J=12.6 Hz), 2.91 (1H, t, J=4.8 Hz), 3.41 (1H, dd, J=5.9, 2.3 Hz),3.63-3.77 (2H, m), 3.82 (1H, dd, J=11.7, 4.2 Hz), 4.066 (1H, td, J=12.0,2.7 Hz), 4.23-4.29 (1H, m), 9.20-9.40 (1H, br s); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,C₆D₆) δ −5.1, −4.8, 17.8, 18.9, 21.9, 22.1, 23.7, 24.3, 25.6, 26.0,29.1, 31.8, 34.9, 35.7, 37.3, 38.7, 41.8, 51.3, 59.2, 66.6, 66.9, 67.2,84.5, 174.7; HRMS (FAB) Calc'd. for C₃₀H₅₈O₆Si: 542.4002, Found:542.4005; [α]_(D) ²²=−5.88° (c 1.67, CH₂Cl₂).

2E. Linker Synthon 507

To (−)-Ipc₂BOMe (108.8 mg, 0.34 mmol) (weighed in an inert atmosphere)was added diethyl ether (340 μL). The flask was cooled to −78° C. andallylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M, 310 μL, 0.31 mmol) was added. Theprecipitous mixture was stirred for 15 min. at −78° C. and then slowlywarmed to rt and stirred for 1 hour. Diethyl ether (340 mL) was addedand then a pre-cooled solution of an aldehyde 506 (0.109 mmol)(structure not shown) prepared as described for compound 9 in Wender etal. (1998c) in diethyl ether (160 μL) was added dropwise. The suspensionwas stirred for 1 h, then the temperature was slowly raised to rt and 3NNaOH (240 μL), 30% hydrogen peroxide (100 μL) and diethyl ether (400 μL)was added. The biphasic mixture was refluxed for 1 h and then quenchedwith water (9 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL). Thecombined organics were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography on silicagel (12.5% EtOAc/hexane) afforded the crude homoallylic alcohol A40(structure not shown) as a yellow oil. R_(f) (35% ethylacetate/hexanes)=0.65; IR (film) 3455, 2950, 2868, 1456, 1373, 1308,1265, 1110, 997 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.68 (1H, t, J=13.5 Hz),0.83-0.92 (10H, m), 1.39-1.52 (5H, m), 1.57-1.72 (3H, m), 1.71 (1H, d,J=4.9 Hz), 2.24 (1H, t, J=4.9 Hz), 2.35-2.42 (2H, m), 2.70 (3H, br d,J=12.4 Hz), 3.46-3.60 (3H, m), 3.62-3.70 (1H, m), 3.77-3.95 (3H, m),4.11 (1H, dd, J=11.9, 2.7 Hz), 5.07 (2H, dd, J=9.5, 1.9 Hz), 5.70-5.91(1H, m); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.9, 16.4, 17.5, 21.1, 22.0, 23.1,29.1, 30.7, 31.1, 31.8, 33.7, 37.3, 46.1, 51.1, 56.9, 64.7, 65.0, 66.8,113.3, 129.3; [α]_(D) ²⁰=2.5° (c 0.8, CDCl₃).

To A40 in methylene chloride (500 μL) was added imidazole (19 mg, 0.276mmol) and TBSCl (21 mg, 0.138 mmol). The reaction was sealed and stirredfor 14 h. The reaction was then quenched with a saturated solution ofsodium bicarbonate (2 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 mL). Thecombined organics were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Filtration oversilica gel (5% EtOAc/hexane) afforded a crude silyl ether A41 (structurenot shown) as a yellow oil. R_(f) (35% ethyl acetate/hexanes)=0.65; IR(film): 2953, 2864, 1641, 1472, 1372, 1255, 1108, 830 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.05 (3H, s), 0.05 (3H, s), 0.67 (1H, t, J=13.5 Hz),0.81-0.96 (18H, m), 1.11-1.20 (1H, m), 1.35-1.47 (4H, m), 1.52-1.71 (5H,m), 2.22 (1H, br s), 2.35-2.42 (2H, m), 2.70 (3H, br d, J=12.2 Hz),3.38-3.54 (4H, m), 3.78-3.97 (3H, m), 4.10 (1H, dd, J=11.9, 2.8 Hz),5.05 (2H, dd, J=9.4, 1.8 Hz), 5.69-5.91 (1H, m); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl₃) δ −9.5, −9.1, 13.3, 14.1, 17.1, 17.5, 18.9, 19.5, 21.1, 24.1,27.0, 30.2, 31.8, 32.0, 32.6, 37.5, 46.4, 54.4, 59.5, 61.9, 62.8, 64.1,95.6, 112.0, 130.0; [α]_(D) ²⁰=16.2° (c 1.0, CH₂Cl₂).

To A41 in t-butanol (2.3 mL), water (1.4 mL) and pH 7 phosphate buffer(465 μL) was added NaIO₄ (79 mg, 0.368 mmol) followed by KMnO₄ (2.9 mg,0.0184 mmol). The purple solution was stirred for 3 h and then water (3mL) was added. This mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate (4×5mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine (5 mL), dried oversodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo andchromatography on silica gel (12.5% EtOAc, 0.1% acetic acid/hexanes)afforded acid 507. IR (film): 2700-3300, 2952, 2866, 1738, 1471, 1373,1307, 1146, 1103, 837, cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.06 (3H, s),0.07 (3H, s), 0.67 (1H, app t, J=13.1 Hz), 0.81-0.89 (19H, m), 1.14-1.20(1H, m), 1.35-1.47 (5H, m), 1.50-1.82 (4H, m), 2.34-2.41 (1H, m),2.45-2.53 (2H, m), 2.69 (3H, br d, J=13.7 Hz), 3.44-3.51 (4H, m), 3.80(1H, dd, J=11.5, 3.9 Hz), 3.87-3.95 (1H, m), 4.02-4.09 (1H, m),4.22-4.29 (1H, m); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −9.6, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1,17.5, 18.9, 19.5, 20.9, 24.2, 26.9, 30.1, 32.0, 32.3, 32.6, 37.7, 46.4,54.3, 59.6, 61.9, 62.1, 95.7, 171.5; HRMS (FAB) Calc'd. for C₂₆H₅₀O₆Si:486.3379, Found: 486.3377; [α]_(D) ²⁰=9.4° (c 1.3, CH₂Cl₂).

2F. Ether Diester Linker Synthon 606

The following procedure, referred to as the “general isolationprocedure”, was used to purify various reaction products below. Thereaction mixture is quenched by dropwise addition of saturated aqueousammonium chloride, and the resultant mixture is allowed to partitionbetween solvent and brine or water. The aqueous layer is extracted with1 to 3 portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts aredried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.

Formula 602

To a solution of 3-(p-methoxybenzyloxy)propyl allyl ether 601 (1.0 g,4.3 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added 9-BBN (20.6 mL of 0.5 M solution inTHF, 10.3 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt. Hydrogenperoxide (30%, 10 mL) and sodium hydroxide (15%, 10 mL) were added andthe mixture was stirred for 3 h. The general isolation procedureafforded crude product which was purified further by silica gelchromatography to give the expected purified alcohol A51 (870 mg, 75%)(structure not shown). R_(f)=0.25 (50% ethyl acetate in hexane); IR(neat)=3423, 2934, 2864, 1612, 1513, 1248, 1098 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.43 (s, 2H),3.80 (s, 3H), 3.75 (q, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (m,4H), 2.46 (br t, 1H), 1.84 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 129.36,113.83, 72.63, 70.34, 68.33, 66.89, 62.20, 55.23, 31.88, 29.96.

To a solution of DMSO (1.38 mL, 19.5 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL)at −78° C. was added oxalyl chloride (850:L, 9.74 mmol) dropwise. After5 min, alcohol A51 from the preceding step (870 mg, 6.49 mmol) inmethylene chloride (2 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred foranother 20 min. TEA (triethylamine, 4.31 mL, 32.5 mmol) was added. After10 min, the mixture was warmed to rt. The standard isolation procedureafforded the expected aldehyde 602 (760 mg, 89%). R0.40 (33% ethylacetate in hexane); IR (neat)=2863, 1724, 1612, 1513, 1248, 1098 cm⁻¹;¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.75 (s, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d,J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.74 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.51(m, 4H), 2.62 (m, 2H), 1.84 (quint, J=6.3 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 201.49, 159.26, 130.65, 129.31, 113.78, 72.57, 68.08, 66.69,64.40, 55.19, 43.75, 29.86.

Formula 603

(−)-Ipc₂BOMe (1.91 g, 6.04 mmol) in ether (4 mL) was treated withallylmagnesium bromide (4.83 mL, 4.83 mmol) at rt. After 30 min, themixture was cooled to −78° C. The aldehyde 602 (370 mg, 2.76 mmol) inether (1.5 mL) was added and stirred for 2 h at −78° C. 15% NaOH (1.5mL) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (1.5 mL) were added and the mixture waswarmed to rt. After 2 h, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate andwashed with brine. Column chromatography yielded the expected alcoholA53 (383 mg, 80%) (structure not shown). Alcohol A53 (150 mg, 0.852mmol) in methylene chloride (4 mL) was treated with TBSCl (168 mg, 1.11mmol) and imidazole (116 mg, 1.7 mmol) at rt. After overnight, thereaction was worked up by the standard procedure. Column chromatographyafforded expected TBS alkene ether 603 (195 mg, 79%). 603: R_(f)=0.50(10% ethyl acetate in hexane); [α]²⁵ _(D)=13.6° (c 1.08, CH₂Cl₂); IR(neat)=2952, 2856, 1717, 1613, 1513, 1471, 1362, 1248, 1110 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.26 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.81(m, 1H), 5.04 (m, 2H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.49 (m, 7H), 2.23(m, 2H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05(s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.09, 134.96, 130.60, 116.93,113.71, 72.59, 68.91, 67.80, 67.48, 67.18, 55.23, 42.28, 36.62, 30.16,25.85, 18.08, −4.39, −4.76.

Formula 605

Alkene ether 603 (195 mg, 0.672 mmol) in tert-butanol-water (pH 7) (1:1,4 mL) was treated with KMnO₄ (11 mg, 0.0672 mmol) and sodium periodate(548 mg, 2.56 mmol) in water (0.5 mL). After 30 min, the reaction wasquenched with sodium thiosulfate. The mixture was diluted with ethylacetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodiumsulfate, and concentrated to give a crude acid 604. The crude acid inmethylene chloride (3 mL) was treated with SEMCl(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride, 301:L, 1.7 mmol) and TEA(452:L, 3.4 mmol) at rt and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was worked upby the standard procedure to afford the expected SEM ester 605.

SEM ester 605 in wet methylene chloride (3 mL) was treated with DDQ (291mg, 1.28 mmol). After 1 h, the mixture was directly purified by silicagel chromatography to give the alcohol product 606 (86 mg, 29% for 3steps).

606: R_(f)=0.25 (25% ethyl acetate in hexane); [α]²⁵ _(D)=0.4° (c 0.82,CH₂Cl₂); IR (neat)=3458, 2955, 1741, 1472, 1378, 1250, 1116 cm¹; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.25 (q, J=2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (quint, J=6.4 Hz, 2H),3.71 (m, 4H), 3.52 (m, 4H), 2.50 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (br, 1H), 1.79(m, 4H), 0.94 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s,3H), 0.00 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.04, 88.97, 69.88,67.88, 67.25, 66.45, 61.81, 42.84, 37.12, 32.02, 25.71, 17.97, 17.91,−1.48, −4.81, −4.86

2G. C5 Ester-Open C7 Linker Synthon 513

To menthone aldehyde 402 (400 mg, 1.56 mmol) from Example 2A in DMF (12mL) was added prenyl bromide (396 mg, 1.56 mmol) followed by indiumpowder (359 mg, 3.13 mmol) at rt. After 30 min, the reaction was dilutedwith EtOAc (20 mL) and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (15 mL). Thelayers were separated and the aqueous layer was re-extracted with EtOAc(3×10 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (15 mL) anddried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed in vacuo andchromatography (7.5% EtOAc/pentane) to afford 509a (105 mg, 21%) and509b (321 mg, 63%).

Undesired isomer 509a can be recycled by the following procedure: To509a (320.8 mg, 0.98 mmol) in methylene chloride (3 mL) was addedDess-Martin Periodinane (707 mg, 1.67 mmol) and stirred for 1 h at roomtemperature. The reaction was diluted with methylene chloride (3 mL),saturated sodium bicarbonate (3 mL) and sodium thiosulfate (3 mL) andstirred for 1 h. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer wasre-extracted with EtOAc (4×5 mL). The combined organics were dried oversodium sulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude ketonewas dissolved in MeOH (17.3 mL) and CeCl₃.7H₂O (1.83 g, 4.9 mmol) wasadded and stirred for 5 min. The solution was cooled to −50° C. andNaBH₄ (74.5 mg, 19.6 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for 30min and then poured into a separatory funnel containing EtOAc (30 mL),water (18 mL) and brine (30 mL). The layers were separated and theaqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organicswere dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo.Chromatography (7.5%—20% EtOAc/pentane) provided 509b (177 mg, 53%) and509a (56 mg, 18%). 509a: R_(f) (7.5% EtOAc/pentane)=0.186; IR (film):3496.8, 2953.9, 2869.6, 1458.0, 1374.4, 1308.3, 1266.5, 1157.8, 1130.7,1102.0, 977.6, 912.2 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.68 (1H, t, J=12.9Hz), 0.85-0.89 (9H, m), 0.98 (3H, s), 0.99 (3H, s), 1.14-1.76 (10H, m),2.38 (1H, sept, J=6.9 Hz), 2.73 (1H, br. d, J=13.5 Hz), 3.59 (1H, br. d,J=9.9 Hz), 3.78 (1H, dd, J=11.7, 5.4 Hz), 4.02 (1H, d, J=11.4), 4.11(1H, d, J=13.2), 5.00-5.09 (2H, m), 5.81 (1H, dd, J=17.6, 11.0 Hz);¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 18.8, 21.7, 22.0, 22.4, 23.1, 23.8, 24.3,29.1, 31.9, 34.9, 37.4, 38.5, 41.2, 51.2, 59.1, 64.5, 73.5, 100.4,113.2, 145.4; HRMS calc'd for C₂₀H₃₆O₃: 324.2664; found: 324.2664;[α]^(24.0) _(d):+19.36° (c 8.16, CH₂Cl₂). 509b: R_(f) (7.5%EtOAc/pentane)=0.37; IR (film): 3520.4, 2953.6, 2870.2, 1455.8, 1375.6,1309.4, 1266.0, 1130.3, 1090.0, 973.3, 914.4 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 0.73 (1H, t, J=13 Hz), 0.83-0.92 (9H, m), 1.00 (3H, s), 1.01(3H, s), 1.18-1.77 (10H, m), 2.39 (1H, sept, J=7 Hz), 2.73 (1H, br. d,J=13.5 Hz), 3.53 (1H, d, J=9.9 Hz), 3.57 (1H, s), 3.79 (1H, dd, J=11.7,4.8 Hz), 4.00-4.15 (2H, m), 4.96-5.02 (2H, m), 5.87 (1H, dd, J=17.1,11.1 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 18.9, 21.9, 22.2, 22.3, 23.3, 23.8,24.2, 28.9, 31.8, 34.6, 37.3, 38.0, 41.1, 50.9, 58.8, 70.3, 78.9, 101.0,111.9, 145.7; HRMS calc'd for C₂₀H₃₆O₃: 324.2664; found: 324.2665;[α]^(25.1) _(d):−1.94° (c 9.75, CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 510

To a solution of 509b (282 mg, 0.87 mmol) in MeOH (3.3 mL) and methylenechloride (13 mL) at −78° C. was bubbled ozone for 5 min. or until a bluecolor persisted. The solution was then purged with nitrogen for 5 min.NaBH₄ (138 mg, 3.65 mmol) was then added and stirred for 1 h at −78° C.,and 2 h at 0° C. Saturated ammonium chloride (15 mL) and water (5 mL)were then poured into the reaction and the layers were separated. Theaqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride (4×5 mL). Thecombined organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent wasremoved in vacuo, yielding crude diol 510: R_(f) (20%EtOAc/pentane)=0.195; IR (film): 3452.3, 2954.1, 2871.3, 1455.5, 1383.4,1308.9, 1266.9, 1131.4, 1047.2, 972.6 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ0.74 (1H, t, J=13 Hz), 0.85-0.89 (12H, m), 0.92 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz),1.12-1.25 (2H, m), 1.39-1.78 (7H, m), 2.39 (1H, sept, J=6.9 Hz), 2.73(1H, br. d, J=13.5 Hz), 3.48 (3H, m), 3.70-3.73 (1H, m), 3.80 (1H, dd,J=11.4, 5.1 Hz), 4.08-4.15 (3H, m); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 18.8,19.0, 22.2, 22.3, 22.5, 23.7, 24.2, 29.0, 31.8, 34.5, 37.3, 37.6, 38.0,50.9, 58.8, 70.6, 72.0, 80.5, 101.0; HRMS calc'd for C₁₉H₃₆O₄: 328.2614;found: 328.2619; [α]^(26.0) _(d):−0.78° (c 5.48, CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 511

To crude diol 510 was added pyridine (316 μL, 3.91 mmol) andchloroacetic anhydride (229 mg, 1.3 mmol) at −78° C. and stirred for 2hr. Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) was added and thelayers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with methylenechloride (3×5 mL). The combined organics were dried over sodium sulfateand the solvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography (10%—20%—30%EtOAc/pentane) provided residual starting material A61 (89.8 mg, 31%)and chloroacetate ester 511 (152.5 mg, 44%). 511: R_(f) (20%EtOAc/pentane)=0.56; IR (film): 3515.2, 2954.4, 2871.9, 1738.5, 1455.8,1371.6, 1308.7, 1132.8, 972.7 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.75 (1H,t, J=13.2 Hz), 0.87 (3H, d, J=2.7 Hz), 0.89 (3H, d, J=3 Hz), 0.92-0.93(10H, m), 1.19-1.26 (2H, m), 1.39-1.79 (7H, m), 2.40 (1H, quin, J=6.9Hz), 2.74 (1H, br. d, J=13.2 Hz), 3.65-3.66 (2H, m), 3.81 (1H, dd,J=11.6, 4.7 Hz), 4.00-4.17 (4H, m), 4.07 (2H, s); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 18.9, 19.3, 21.4, 22.2, 22.3, 23.8, 24.2, 29.0, 31.8, 34.5,37.3, 37.4, 38.2, 40.9, 50.9, 58.8, 70.5, 71.6, 76.1, 101.0, 167.3; HRMScalc'd for C₂₁H₃₇ClO₅: 404.2330; found: 404.2329; [α]^(24.3) _(d):+4.95°(c 3.43, CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 512

To acid 28 (structure not shown) prepared as described in Theisen et al.(1998) (hydrogen (3R,1′R)-1-(1′-naphthyl)ethyl3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]pentanedioate, 309 mg, 0.744 mmol) intoluene (6 mL) was added triethylamine (263 μL, 1.98 mmol) followed bythe Yamaguchi reagent (124 μL, 0.79 mmol) and stirred for 2 hr at roomtemperature. DMAP (303 mg, 2.50 mmol) was then added followed by 511(190 mg, 0.469 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 45 min. Thereaction was then diluted with EtOAc (5 mL) and saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate (10 mL) was added. The layers were separated and the aqueouslayer was extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organics werewashed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (10 mL), the layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). Thecombined organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent wasremoved in vacuo. Chromatography (5%—10% EtOAc/pentane) provided 512(311.9 mg, 83%): R_(f) (10% EtOAc/pentane)=0.46; IR (film): 2953.8,2868.2, 1738.1, 1471.9, 1373.6, 1307.9, 1258.5, 1160.3, 1108.7, 1069.3,977.5, 837.0, 777.9 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.04 (3H, s), 0.12(3H, s), 0.61 (1H, t, J=13.2 Hz), 0.79 (9H, s), 0.82-0.92 (9H, m), 0.94(3H, s), 0.95 (3H, s), 1.12-1.15 (1H, m), 1.35-1.47 (1H, m), 1.56-1.65(4H, m), 1.69 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 1.72-1.79 (1H, m), 2.37 (1H, quin,J=6.9 Hz), 2.56-2.63 (4H, m), 2.68 (1H, dd, J=15.3, 5.3 Hz), 3.64-3.68(1H, m), 3.76 (1H, dd, J=11.8, 4.8 Hz), 3.86 (1H, d, J=11 Hz), 3.97 (1H,td, J=12.6, 1.8 Hz), 4.01 (1H, d, J=11 Hz), 4.05 (2H, s), 4.51 (1H,quin, J=6 Hz), 4.98 (1H, dd, J=9.5, 1.0 Hz), 6.64 (1H, q, J=6.5 Hz),7.42-7.53 (3H, m), 7.57 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 7.78 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.85(1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 8.06 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz)); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ−5.1, −4.8, 14.2, 17.8, 19.0, 20.3, 21.4, 21.7, 21.8, 22.3, 23.7, 24.3,25.6, 28.8, 31.0, 34.9, 37.2, 37.3, 38.1, 40.7, 41.8, 42.1, 51.1, 58.9,65.6, 65.7, 69.7, 70.9, 73.0, 100.5, 123.1, 123.2, 125.3, 125.6, 126.2,128.4, 128.8, 130.1, 133.8, 137.3, 167.1, 170.1, 170.4; HRMS calc'd forC₄₄H₆₇ClO₉Si (+1Na): 825.4149; found: 825.4141; [α]^(25.5) _(d):−2.17°(c 8.42, CH₂Cl₂).

Formula 513

To 512 (156 mg, 0.194 mmol) in EtOAc (4.4 mL) at room temperature wasadded Pd(OH)₂/C (75 mg). The black slurry was stirred and the flask wasevacuated and refilled with hydrogen (5 times). After 5.5 h under 1 atm.of hydrogen, the reaction was poured directly onto a silica columnpre-packed with pentane and eluted (20% EtOAc+1% AcOH/pentane) toprovide 119 mg of linker synthon 513 in 95% yield. 513: R_(f) (20%EtOAc+1% AcOH/pentane)=0.27; IR (film): 2800.0-3422.4, 2954.1, 2866.6,1738.3, 1714.1, 1473.1, 1375.8, 1308.0, 1258.4, 1159.6, 1107.3, 977.0,837.3, 778.8 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.08 (3H, s), 0.09 (3H, s),0.66 (1H, t, J=13.0 Hz), 0.85-0.92 (19H, m), 0.95 (3H, s), 0.97 (3H, s),1.06-1.25 (1H, m), 1.33-1.50 (4H, m), 1.58-1.81 (4H, m), 2.37 (1H,dsept, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz), 2.53 (1H, dd, J=15.3, 6.9 Hz), 2.58-2.60 (3H, m),2.66 (1H, dd, J=15.0, 4.8 Hz), 3.64-3.68 (1H, m), 3.79 (1H, dd, J=11.7,4.2 Hz), 3.86 (1H, d, J=11.1 Hz), 3.98-4.03 (1H, m), 4.00 (1H, d, J=11.1Hz), 4.06 (2H, s), 4.49 (1H, quin, J=5.9 Hz), 4.98 (1H, dd, J=9.6, 1.8Hz)); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.1, −4.8, 17.9, 19.0, 20.3, 21.4,21.7, 22.3, 23.7, 24.3, 25.7, 28.8, 31.1, 34.9, 37.3, 37.4, 38.2, 40.7,41.9, 42.0, 51.1, 58.9, 65.7, 65.7, 70.9, 73.3, 100.6, 167.2, 170.2,176.4; HRMS calc'd for C₃₂H₅₇ClO₉Si (+1Na): 671.3348; found: 671.3358;[α]^(27.4) _(d):−20.46° (c 7.46, CH₂Cl₂).

Example 3 Exemplary Bryostatin Analogues

3A. Formula II—C26 Des-Methyl Bryostatin Analogue (702)

201.1 (Formula 201 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To di-benzyl ether 111.1 (Example 1C, 503 mg, 0.169 mmol) in EtOAc (12.3mL) at room temperature is added Pd(OH)₂/C (82 mg). The black slurry wasstirred vigorously and the flask was evacuated and refilled 4 times withhydrogen (1 atm). After 1 h, the reaction was poured directly onto asilica column and eluted (50% EtOAc/pentane to 100% EtOAc) to provide201.1 (240.2 mg, 65%) as a colorless oil.

201.1: R_(f) (50% EtOAc/pentane)=0.36; IR (film)=3424, 2955, 2930, 2857,1748, 1722, 1156, 1081, 837, 776 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.00(6H, s), 0.84-0.93 (12H, m), 0.96 (3H, s), 0.98 (3H, s), 1.20 (3H, d,J=6.0 Hz), 1.15-1.38 (10H, m), 1.62 (1H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.71 (1H, t,J=5.7 Hz), 2.25-2.45 (2H, m), 2.54 (1H, s), 2.89 (1H, d, J=4.2 Hz),3.34-3.48 (1H, m), 3.36 (3H, s), 3.52 (2H, dd, J=15.9, 9.6 Hz),3.58-3.76 (3H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 4.14-4.26 (1H, m), 5.55 (1H, s), 5.89(1H, s); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.5, 14.0, 18.4, 19.4, 20.7, 22.5,24.6, 25.9, 28.8, 29.0, 31.6, 32.4, 34.4, 39.0, 46.6, 51.1, 51.3, 67.5,68.4, 70.9, 71.9, 72.3, 103.1, 116.9, 152.4, 166.5, 171.8; [α]^(23.9)_(D)=2.24° (c=6.53, CH₂Cl₂).

202.1 (Formula 202 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To diol 201.1 (26.8 mg, 0.045 mmol) in benzene (1.2 mL) under nitrogenat 0° C. was added triethylamine (30 μL, 0.227 mmol) followed by leadtetraacetate (50 mg, 0.113 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirredat 0° C. for 20 min. and was then quenched with an aqueous solution ofsaturated ammonium chloride (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, thesolution was decanted and then the solvent was removed in vacuo toprovide the crude aldehyde (structure not shown) which was takenimmediately to the next step.

To the crude aldehyde (34 mg, 0.061 mmol) in THF (1.4 mL) under nitrogenat 0° C. was added a 0.5M solution of the Tebbe reagent in toluene (122μL, 0.061 mmol) dropwise. The reddish-black slurry was stirred at 0° C.for 15 min. and was then quenched with a saturated aqueous solution ofsodium bicarbonate (5 mL). The biphasic mixture was extracted with ethylacetate (3×5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodiumsulfate, the solution was decanted and then the solvent was removed invacuo. Chromatography (5% EtOAc/pentane) provides olefin 202.1 (19 mg,56%—2 steps) as a colorless oil.

202.1: R_(f) (10% EtOAc/pentane)=0.62; IR (film)=2955, 2930, 2857, 1747,1722, 1667, 1155, 1082, 837, 775 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.01(6H, s), 0.80-0.90 (12H, m), 0.96 (3H, s), 1.00 (3H, s), 1.20-1.38 (10H,m), 1.56-1.72 (1H, m), 2.24-2.46 (4H, m), 3.43 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz), 3.30(3H, s), 3.54 (2H, dd, J=18.9, 9.3 Hz), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.87-3.91 (1H, m),5.09-5.16 (2H, m), 5.53 (1H, s), 5.80-5.98 (1H, m), 5.88 (1H, s); ¹³CNMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.4, 14.0, 18.4, 20.5, 20.6, 22.6, 24.7, 25.9,28.9, 29.0, 31.6, 32.1, 34.5, 40.0, 47.0, 51.1, 67.3, 71.0, 72.1, 103.0,116.6, 117.7, 133.8, 153.1, 166.6, 171.9; [α]^(22.0) _(D)=−7.91°(c=1.91, CH₂Cl₂).

203.1 (Formula 203 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To a solution of silyl ether 202.1 (101.7 mg, 0.1833 mmol) and pyridine(267 μL, 3.30 mmol) in THF (1.53 mL) in a polypropylene vial was added70% HF/pyridine complex (104.8 μL, 3.67 mmol) at room temperature. Thesolution was stirred for 18 hours and was then quenched with a saturatedaqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (5 mL). The biphasic mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (4×5 mL). The combined organic layers weredried over sodium sulfate, the solution was decanted, and the solventwas removed in vacuo to afford the corresponding de-silylated alcohol(structure not shown) as a pale yellow oil which was used immediately inthe next step.

The crude alcohol was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and treated with asingle portion of 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one(Dess-Martin periodinane, 117 mg, 0.275 mmol) at room temperature. Themixture was stirred for 45 min and quenched with saturated aqueousNaHCO₃/Na₂S₂O₃ (2 mL). The two phase system was vigorously stirred untilthe organic layer has cleared (90 min). The layers were then separatedand the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×5 mL). The combinedorganic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, the solution was decantedand then the solvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography on silica gel(7.5% EtOAc/hexanes) provides aldehyde 203.1 (43.7 mg, 54%—2 steps) as acolorless oil.

203.1: R_(f) (15% EtOAc/pentane)=0.58; IR (film)=2930, 2857, 1750, 1723,1668, 1160, 1048 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.86 (3H, t, J=6.3 Hz,octanoate Me), 1.00 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.16 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.18-1.31(10H, m), 1.46-1.60 (2H, m), 2.18 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.43 (2H, t, J=6.6Hz), 3.39 (3H, s), 3.66 (1H, d, J=18.9 Hz), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.74-3.84 (1H,m), 5.13-5.20 (2H, m), 5.85-6.00 (1H, m), 5.96 (1H, s), 9.71 (1H, s);¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.1, 16.3, 19.1, 22.6, 24.3, 28.9, 30.4,31.6, 38.9, 40.0, 51.2, 51.4, 54.0, 71.5, 71.9, 102.2, 118.2, 119.8,133.4, 150.3, 166.4, 171.7, 202.4; [α]^(23.6) _(D)=−6.07° (c=2.23,CH₂Cl₂).

204.1 (Formula 204 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

A dihydroxylating stock solution was generated by dissolving (DHQD)₂AQN(3.6 mg, 0.00425 mmol), K₃Fe(CN)₆ (425 mg, 1.275 mmol), K₂CO₃ (175 mg,1.275 mmol) and K₂OsO₂ (OH)₄ (0.65 mg, 0.00175 mmol) in t-BuOH (2.1 mL)and water (2.1 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at roomtemperature for 3 h. 504 μL of this stock solution was added to olefin203.1 (7.4 mg, 0.017 mmol) pre-dissolved in t-BuOH (200 μL) and water(200 μL) under nitrogen at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at0-5° C. for 2 days. Water (2 mL) was then added and the biphasic mixturewas then extracted with EtOAc (4×5 mL). The combined organic layers weredried over sodium sulfate, the solution was decanted and then thesolvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography (90% EtOAc/pentane to 100%EtOAc) provides diol 204.1 (5.6 mg, 70%) as an approximately 2.2:1 (β:α)mixture of diastereomers as a colorless oil.

204.1: R_(f) (90% EtOAc/pentane)=0.36; IR (film)=3418, 2932, 2860, 1750,1722, 1668, 1159, 1081, 1052 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.86 (3H,t, J=6.8 Hz), 1.01 (3H, s, major), 1.02 (3H, s, minor), 1.15 (3H, s,minor), 1.17 (3H, s, major), 1.20-1.36 (10H, m), 1.47-1.61 (1H, m),1.70-1.85 (1H, m), 2.10-2.32 (3H, m), 2.55 (1H, br. s, major), 3.09 (1H,br. s, minor), 3.42-3.80 (4H, m), 3.45 (3H, s, minor), 3.46 (3H, s,major), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.98-4.20 (2H, m), 5.20 (1H, s, major), 5.25 (1H,s, minor), 5.96 (1H, s), 9.68 (1H, s, minor) 9.68 (1H, s, major); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.0, 16.5, 16.7, 19.0, 19.1, 22.5, 24.3, 28.9,31.3, 31.3, 31.6, 33.9, 38.8, 38.9, 51.3, 51.3, 51.5, 51.6, 53.9, 66.7,67.2, 68.2, 68.7, 70.3, 71.0, 71.4, 71.7, 102.2, 102.6, 119.6, 119.7,1500, 166.3, 171.7, 183.9, 201.8, 202.2.

205.1 (Formula 205 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To diol 204.1 (28.5 mg, 0.0603 mmol) in methylene chloride (2.45 mL) wasadded pyridine (141.3 μL, 1.75 mmol) followed by TESCl (176 mL, 1.05mmol) at room temperature. The resulting clear solution was stirred atroom temperature for 15 h. Triethylamine (250 μL) was then added and thesolution was directly loaded onto a silica column and eluted (5%EtOAc+5% triethylamine/pentane) to afford bis silyl ether 205.1 (42.2mg, 100%) as an approximately 2.2:1 (β:α) mixture of diastereomers as acolorless oil.

205.1: R_(f) (5% EtOAc+5% triethylamine/pentane)=0.58; IR (film)=2955,2877, 1754, 1724, 1668, 1462, 1231, 1159, 1107, 1007, 743 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.44-0.65 (12H, m), 0.86 (3H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 0.88-0.98(18H, m), 0.98 (3H, s, major), 1.00 (3H, s, minor), 1.14 (3H, s, major),1.15 (3H, s, minor), 1.18-1.32 (10H, m), 1.58-1.71 (1H, m), 1.82-2.00(1H, m), 2.09-2.21 (3H, m), 3.30-3.71 (3H, m), 3.41 (3H, s, minor), 3.43(3H, s, major), 3.68 (3H, s, minor), 3.69 (3H, s, major), 3.90-4.10 (2H,m), 5.19 (1H, s, minor), 5.22 (1H, s, major), 5.94 (1H, s, minor), 6.00(1H, s, major), 9.69 (1H, s, major) 9.70 (1H, s, minor); ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.3, 4.3, 4.9, 5.2, 6.2, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 14.0, 16.4, 16.5,18.9, 19.0, 22.5, 24.3, 28.9, 29.7, 31.4, 31.6, 31.8, 33.9, 41.2, 41.5,51.1, 51.2, 51.4, 51.7, 53.9, 67.3, 67.5, 68.0, 69.3, 69.8, 70.3, 71.1,71.3, 102.1, 102.3, 119.4, 119.5, 150.2, 150.3, 151.0, 166.2, 166.2,171.7, 202.5, 202.6.

206.1 (Formula 206 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH-0O₂V1

To a solution of diethylmethoxyborane (361 μL, 2.75 mmol) in Et₂O (2.14mL) was added allylmagnesium bromide (1.0M in Et₂O, 2.50 mmol, 2.50 mL)dropwise at 0° C. The white precipitous mixture was stirred at 0° C. for60 min. and then allowed to stand for 5 min. A 41.6 μL aliquot (0.5 Mallyldiethylborane, 0.021 mmol) of this solution was added dropwise toaldehyde 205.1 (7.3 mg, 0.01 mmol) in 0.5 mL Et₂O at −10° C. Afterstirring for 30 min., the reaction was quenched with aqueous saturatedNH₄Cl (5 mL). The biphasic mixture was then extracted with EtOAc (3×5mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, thesolution was decanted and then the solvent was removed in vacuo toprovide a colorless oil which was taken directly onto the next step.

The crude residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and treatedsuccessively with triethylamine (17.4 μL, 0.125 mmol),4-dimethylaminopyridine (15.3 mg, 0.125 mmol) and Ac₂O (6 μL, 0.06 mmol)at room temperature. The solution was stirred for 17 h and then pipetteddirectly onto a short column of silica gel and the products eluted with7.5% EtOAc/hexanes to afford a diastereomeric mixture of homoallylicacetates (7.9 mg, 97%—2 steps) as a colorless oil.

A portion of the isolated homoallylic acetate (5 mg, 0.0064 mmol) wasdissolved in THF (253 μL) and H₂O (25.3 μL) and treated withN-methylmorpholine N-oxide (1.6 mg, 0.014 mmol) followed by OsO₄ (4 wt %in H₂O—16 μL, 0.0025 mmol) at room temperature. The homogeneous solutionwas stirred for 3 h, and then aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate (4mL) and water (1 mL) was added. The biphasic mixture was extracted withEtOAc (5×5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodiumsulfate, the solution was decanted and then the solvent was removed invacuo to provide a colorless oil which was taken directly to the nextstep.

The resulting residue was immediately dissolved in benzene (0.4 mL) andtreated with Et₃N (2.6 μL, 0.025 mmol) at room temperature. SolidPb(OAc)₄ (4.2 mg, 0.0096 mmol) was quickly added in one portion and theresulting yellow precipitous mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 min.1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 12 μL, 0.08 mmol) wasintroduced and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 30 min. Themixture was added directly to a silica column and eluted (10% EtOAc/Pet.ether) to provide unsaturated aldehyde 206.1 (3.4 mg, 73%—2 steps) as anapproximately 2.2:1 (β:α) mixture of diastereomers as a colorless oil.

206.1: R_(f) (10% EtOAc/Pet. ether)=0.42; IR (film)=2955, 2877, 1748,1723, 1692, 1461, 1229, 1154, 1105, 1008, 743 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 0.55-0.68 (12H, m), 0.87 (3H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 0.92-1.02 (18H, m),1.15 (3H, s), 1.18 (3H, s), 1.20-1.34 (10H, m), 1.48-1.60 (2H, m),1.85-2.03 (1H, m), 2.04-2.23 (2H, m), 2.27-2.39 (1H, m), 3.45-3.68 (2H,m), 3.38 (3H, s, minor), 3.40 (3H, s, major), 3.69 (3H, s, minor), 3.70(3H, s, major), 3.95-4.05 (1H, m), 4.06-4.17 (1H, m), 5.45 (1H, s,minor), 5.47 (1H, s, major), 5.89 (1H, s), 5.93 (1H, dd, J=16.1/7.8 Hz,major), 5.93 (1H, dd, J=16.1/7.8 Hz, minor), 7.33 (1H, d, J=16.1 Hz,major), 7.36 (1H, d, J=16.1 Hz, minor), 9.53 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz, major),9.54 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz, minor); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.3, 4.4, 4.9,5.4, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 14.0, 21.7, 21.8, 22.5, 23.6, 23.8, 24.5, 28.9,28.9, 31.6, 32.5, 32.8, 34.4, 41.2, 41.6, 47.3, 51.2, 51.4, 51.5, 67.3,67.6, 68.9, 69.2, 69.8, 70.3, 71.0, 71.1, 102.4, 102.6, 117.6, 117.7,126.7, 151.6, 166.2, 167.2, 171.7, 194.6.

207.1b (Formula 207 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

Enal 206.1 (22 mg, 0.03 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (2 mL) andwater (205 μL) at room temperature. 48% aqueous HF (388 μL, 12.1 mmol)was added dropwise and the resulting clear solution was stirred at roomtemperature for 75 min. and was then quenched with a saturated aqueoussolution of sodium bicarbonate (15 mL) and water (3 mL). The mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (5×10 mL). The combined organic layers weredried over sodium sulfate, the solution was decanted and then thesolvent was removed in vacuo to provide a crude diol which was takenimmediately to the next step.

A 0.75 mM silylating solution was generated by the addition of imidazole(62 mg, 0.91 mmol) and TBSCl (45.6 mg, 0.3 mmol) to methylene chloride(3.9 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen. To the crude diol dissolvedin methylene chloride (3.9 mL) and DMF (0.4 mL) was added the abovestock solution (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Thesolution was then quenched with an aqueous solution of saturatedammonium chloride (10 mL) and extracted with methylene chloride (4×10mL). The combined organic layers were further washed with brine (10 mL)and then dried over sodium sulfate. The solution was decanted and thenthe solvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography (40% EtOAc/pentane)provides the silylated C25 β isomer 207.1b (10.4 mg, 57.4%) along withthe silylated C25a isomer 207.1a (4.6 mg, 25.4%) as colorless oils.

207.1b: R_(f) (40% EtOAc/pentane)=0.38; IR (film)=3421, 2930, 2857,1723, 1691, 1257, 1156, 1110, 837, 779 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ0.10 (6H, s), 0.87 (3H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 0.92 (9H, s), 1.14 (3H, s), 1.15(3H, s), 1.18-1.32 (10H, m), 1.49 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.66-1.74 (1H, m),1.84-2.00 (1H, m), 1.98-2.15 (3H, m), 3.49 (1H, dd, J=10.0, 6.0 Hz),3.66-3.76 (1H, m), 3.70 (3H, s), 3.82-4.00 (2H, m), 4.07 (1H, t, J=6.6Hz), 4.20 (1H, t, J=10.8 Hz), 5.13 (1H, s), 5.96 (1H, dd, J=16.0/7.7Hz), 6.03 (1H, s), 7.35 (1H, d, J=16.0 Hz), 9.57 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz); ¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.3, 14.0, 18.4, 20.0, 22.5, 23.1, 24.4, 25.9,28.9, 28.9, 31.1, 31.6, 34.5, 39.0, 45.7, 51.3, 67.1, 67.2, 67.9, 72.6,99.7, 120.7, 127.6, 150.1, 166.1, 171.7, 194.5; [α]^(26.6) _(D)=−27.24°(c=1.04, CH₂Cl₂).

701.1 (Formula 701 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me and R²⁶ isH)

To a solution of acid 408 (Example 2B, 11.2 mg, 0.02 mmol) in toluene(0.9 mL) was added 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride (3.2 μl, 0.02 mmol)at room temperature and the mixture was stirred for 45 min. Alcohol207.1b (10.2 mg, 0.017 mmol) and DMAP (10.4 mg, 0.085 mmol) in toluene(1.4 mL) were added and stirred for 30 min. The mixture was directlyloaded onto a silica gel column and eluted (7.5% EtOAc/pentane) toafford the ester 701.1 (15.2 mg, 79%).

701.1: R_(f) (15% ethyl acetate/pentane)=0.29; IR (film)=3492, 2930,2859, 1725, 1691, 1155, 1112, 837, 777 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ0.04 (3H, s), 0.05 (3H, s), 0.07 (6H, s), 0.68 (1H, t, J=13.2 Hz),0.60-0.92 (30H, m), 1.10-1.30 (18H, m), 1.34-1.84 (18H, m), 1.85-2.14(3H, m), 2.34-2.52 (3H, m), 2.68 (1H, d, J=12.3 Hz), 3.13 (1H, s),3.34-3.46 (2H, m), 3.60-3.70 (3H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.76-3.86 (2H, m),3.86-3.96 (1H, m), 4.06 (1H, dt, J=11.9, 2.1 Hz), 4.24-4.34 (1H, m),5.11 (1H, s), 5.20-5.32 (1H, m), 5.96 (1H, dd, J=16.1, 7.8 Hz), 6.00(1H, s), 7.42 (1H, d, J=16.1 Hz), 9.58 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.3, −5.3, −4.7, −4.6, 14.0, 18.0, 18.3, 19.2, 20.1,21.9, 22.3, 22.5, 22.9, 23.6, 23.7, 23.8, 24.3, 24.5, 25.8, 28.9, 28.9,29.2, 30.9, 31.0, 31.6, 31.8, 31.9, 32.0, 34.5, 35.0, 37.4, 37.4, 43.5,43.8, 44.7, 45.6, 51.2, 51.3, 59.2, 64.4, 64.9, 65.7, 66.3, 71.1, 72.7,73.4, 73.8, 99.5, 100.4, 120.5, 127.5, 150.5, 166.4, 166.5, 171.7,172.1, 194.6; [α]^(24.4) _(D)=−27.42° (c=0.87, CH₂Cl₂).

702.1 (Formula 702 where R³ is OH, R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Meand R²⁶ is H)

To seco aldehyde 701.1 (15 mg, 0.013 mmol) in THF (3.7 mL) at roomtemperature in a plastic flask was added 70% HF/pyridine dropwise. Theresulting yellow solution was stirred for 2 hr and was then quenchedwith a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (12.5 mL) andwater (7.5 mL). The biphasic mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate(5×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate,the solution was decanted and then the solvent was removed in vacuo.Chromatography (70% EtOAc/pentane) provides 702.1 (7 mg, 73%) (thecorresponding compound of Formula II where X is oxygen) as an amorphoussolid.

702.1: R_(f) (80% EtOAc/pentane)=0.29; IR (film)=3454, 3332, 2932, 2858,1723, 1663, 1138, 976 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.86 (3H, t, J=6.7Hz), 1.01 (3H, s), 1.17 (3H, s), 1.18-1.38 (12H, m), 1.40-1.66 (7H, m),1.72-1.88 (3H, m), 1.94-2.14 (3H, m), 2.29 (1H, dt, J=7.5/1.7 Hz), 2.52(1H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 3.45 (1H, t, J=11.2 Hz), 3.53 (1H, t, J=10.6 Hz),3.61-3.72 (4H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.88 (3H, t, J=12.4 Hz), 4.02-4.09 (2H,m), 4.10-4.19 (1H, m), 4.48 (1H, d, J=11.6 Hz), 5.02 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz),5.10 (1H, s), 5.13 (1H, s), 5.34-5.39 (1H, m), 5.40 (1H, dd, J=15.0/7.6Hz), 5.97 (1H, d, J=15 Hz), 5.99 (1H, s); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ14.1, 19.3, 22.5, 23.0, 24.4, 24.7, 28.9, 29.0, 31.0, 31.3, 31.4, 31.6,32.4, 34.6, 35.9, 39.9, 42.5, 42.9, 45.1, 51.1, 64.5, 65.8, 66.3, 68.6,71.6, 74.1, 75.8, 76.0, 78.7, 98.9, 102.4, 119.9, 125.7, 142.6, 151.7,167.0, 172.1, 172.6; [α]^(24.0) _(D)=−20.02° (c=0.70, CH₂Cl₂).

3B. Formula IV—Bryostatin Analogue Containing Ether Diester Linker (807)

801.1 and 802.1 Formulae 801 and 802 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is═CH—CO₂Me)

Enal 801.1, prepared as described for compound 13 in Wender et al.(1998a) (22 mg, 0.030 mmol) in a tert-butanol-THF solution of 2-methyl2-butene (1:1, 3 mL) was treated with sodium chlorite (14 mg, 0.152mmol) and monobasic sodium phosphate (21 mg, 0.152 mmol) in water (0.5mL). After 1 h, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was dried over sodium sulfate. Column chromatography afforded acid802.1: R_(f)=(25% ethyl acetate in hexane); [α]²⁵ _(D)=−5.97° (c 0.40,CH₂Cl₂); IR (neat)=2932, 1716, 1644, 1514, 1456, 1374 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (500MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.59 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (m, 5H), 7.18 (d, J=8.5 Hz,2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.88 (s, 1H), 5.24 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.51(s, 1H), 5.66 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (d,J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (br, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H),3.70 (s, 3H), 3.49 (d, J=14.5 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 2.41 (t, J=14.5 Hz,1H), 2.26 (m, 2H), 2.00 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.29-1.16 (m, 21H), 0.88(t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.28, 172.05, 166.29,159.69, 159.10, 152.00, 138.62, 130.51, 129.17, 128.35, 127.61, 127.52,117.07, 114.72, 113.75, 102.40, 76.19, 74.30, 71.68, 71.11, 70.80,68.65, 55.23, 51.16, 48.83, 46.87, 36.08, 35.35, 34.13, 32.97, 31.62,28.89, 24.53, 23.32, 22.50, 22.25, 14.25, 14.07.

803.1 (Formula 803 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

Acid 802.1 (22 mg, 0.030 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) was treated withYamaguchi's reagent (6:L, 0.0395 mmol) and TEA (16:L, 0.122 mmol). After30 min, alcohol 606 from Example 2F (17 mg, 0.0395 mmol) and DMAP (11mg, 0.0912 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) was added and stirred for 1 h. Themixture was directly purified by silica gel column to give ester 803.1(27 mg, 77% yield): R_(f)=(25% ethyl acetate in hexane); [α]²⁵_(D)=−21.4° (c 0.82, CH₂Cl₂); IR (neat)=2930, 2858, 1720, 1652, 1612,1514, 1464, 1383, 1250, 1110 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46 (d,J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (m, 5H), 7.18 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz,2H), 5.87 (s, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (s, 1H), 5.29 (q, J=6.0Hz, 2H), 4.63 (m, 3H), 4.39 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H),4.20 (m, 2H), 4.12 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.66 (m, 7H),3.47 (m, 5H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.53 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (br, 1H), 2.24(m, 2H), 1.99-0.85 (m, 26H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 9H);¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.04, 171.07, 167.24, 166.30, 159.10,157.02, 152.11, 138.68, 130.56, 129.18, 128.35, 128.17, 127.61, 117.04,115.34, 113.74, 102.42, 88.96, 76.35, 74.48, 71.74, 71.13, 70.90, 68.59,67.86, 67.34, 67.02, 66.59, 66.61, 61.52, 55.22, 51.12, 46.70, 42.93,37.24, 36.17, 34.12, 31.64, 29.18, 28.99, 28.88, 25.75, 24.53, 23.45,22.54, 22.38, 18.00, 17.95, 14.36, 14.06, −1.46, −4.80.

805.1 (Formula 805 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H_(is) and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

Ester 803.1 (27 mg, 0.0233 mmol) in wet methylene chloride (2 mL) wastreated with DDQ (11 mg, 0.0466 mmol) and stirred for 1 h. The mixturewas directly purified by silica gel to give the expected alcohol silylether product of Formula 804. This silyl ether in acetonitrile-water(10:1, 1.5 mL) was treated with aqueous HF (100 μL, 48%). After 4 h, themixture was neutralized with aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The aqueouslayer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer wasdried over sodium sulfate. The crude hydroxy acid product 805.1 was usedfor the next step.

807.1 (Formula 807 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H_(is) and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To a solution of DCC (13 mg, 0.0623 mmol), DMAP HCl (10 mg, 0.0623 mmol)and DMAP (11 mg, 0.089 mmol) was added hydroxy acid 805.1 (7 mg, 0.0089mmol) in methylene chloride (3 mL) by syringe pump over 10 h. Theresultant mixture was loaded directly onto a silica gel column andpurified to give C26-O-benzyl ether lactone of Formula 806 where R²⁰ is—O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me (806.1) (3.5 mg, 50%). 806.1:R_(f)=(25% ethyl acetate in hexane); [α]²⁵ _(D)=4.74° (c 0.47, CH₂Cl₂);IR (neat)=3746, 3323, 2926, 2851, 1739, 1718, 1624, 1436, 1159 cm⁻¹;

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.39 (br s, 5H), 6.84 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.03(s, 1H), 5.80 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (br d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s,1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 4.64 (q, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (q, J=5.5, 11.5 Hz,1H), 4.31 (m, 3H), 3.99 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.43 (m, 8H), 2.52 (m,2H), 2.37-1.07 (m, 22H), 0.89 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H).

To a solution of benzyl ether 806.1 (1 mg) in methylene dichloride (0.5mL) was added boron trichloride (excess) at −78° C., and the mixture waswarmed to −20° C. over 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched withaqueous sodium bicarbonate. The standard isolation procedure affordedbryostatin analogue 807.1. R_(f)=(25% ethyl acetate in hexane); [α]²⁵_(D)=4.17° (c=0.30, CH₂Cl₂); IR (neat)=3480, 2927, 2856, 2361, 1718,1281, 1161, 1105 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, PhH) δ 6.82 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 1H),6.03 (s, 1H), 5.80 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 5.17 (br s, 2H),4.36 (m, 3H), 4.01 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (m,7H), 3.46 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 2.33 (m, 2H), 2.18 (m, 1H),2.11-1.23 (m, 23H), 0.90 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, PhH) δ174.37, 172.11, 171.38, 152.76, 151.21, 121.46, 120.31, 119.94, 99.21,86.71, 73.84, 73.67, 71.96, 70.03, 68.76, 68.38, 65.14, 51.13, 45.48,41.06, 35.99, 34.58, 32.91, 31.63, 31.14, 29.00, 28.86, 28.65, 24.68,23.18, 22.55, 21.13, 19.64, 14.05.

3C. Formula III—Bryostatin Analogue Containing Selected C7 Substituent(705)

704.1 (Formula 704 where R is OH, R′ is OBn, R³ is TBSO, R⁵ is ═O, R⁷ ist-Bu-O₂CMeCl, R⁸ is H, R²⁶ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me and R²⁶ isMe)

To a methyl hemiacetal prepared as described for compound 14 in Wenderet al. (1998a) (30 mg, 0.05 mmol) in acetonitrile (2.8 mL) and water(0.3 mL) was added 48% aq. HF (480 μL) and stirred at room temp. for 2hrs. The reaction was then quenched with a saturated solution of sodiumbicarbonate (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (5 mL×4). The combinedorganics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed invacuo to give expected hemiacetal (a compound according to Formula 303where R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅ and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me).

To crude acid 513 from Example 2G (47 mg, 0.075 mmol) in toluene (2.6mL) was added triethylamine (27 μL, 0.2 mmol) and trichlorobenzoylchloride (12.5 μL, 0.08 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 90 min.To the resulting solution is added a solution containing the crudehemiacetal and DMAP (30.4 mg, 0.25 mmol) in toluene (4 mL). Theresulting precipitous mixture was stirred for 2 h and then addeddirectly to a silica column and eluted (15% EtOAc/pentane to 25%EtOAc/pentane) to afford seco aldehyde 704.1 (41.7 mg, 70%): R_(f) (1.5%EtOAc/pentane)=0.14; IR (film): 3497.9, 2953.6, 2867.5, 1738.2, 1688.9,1469.9, 1378.0, 1258.1, 1158.4, 1109.2, 982.5, 835.5, 779.2, 734.9 cm⁻¹;¹H-NMR (500MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.05 (3H, s), 0.08 (3H, s), 0.66 (1H, t, J=13.0Hz), 0.79-0.88 (21H, m), 0.91-0.96 (1H, m), 0.95 (3H, s), 0.97 (3H, s),1.15 (3H, s), 1.17-1.29 (15H, m), 1.36-1.50 (6H, m), 1.59-1.78 (5H, m),1.87-2.13 (5H, m), 2.38 (1H, dquin, J=6.8, 1.3 Hz), 2.51-2.64 (5H, m),3.31 (1H, s), 3.60-3.68 (2H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.76-3.80 (1H, m), 3.78(1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 3.83-3.93 (1H, m), 3.99-4.07 (1H, m), 4.00 (1H, d,J=11.0 Hz), 4.07 (2H, d, J=3.0 Hz), 4.43-4.48 (1H, m), 4.56 (1H, d,J=12.0 Hz), 4.63 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 4.96 (1H, dd, J=9.5, 2.0 Hz), 5.12(1H, s), 5.41-5.44 (1H, m), 5.95 (1H, dd, J=16.0, 8.0 Hz), 6.00 (1H, d,J=2.0 Hz), 7.27-7.35 (5H, m), 7.38 (1H, d, J=16.0 Hz), 9.49 (1H, d,J=8.0 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (125MHz, CDCl₃) δ −5.1, −4.8, 14.0, 15.0, 17.9, 19.0,19.8, 20.2, 21.6, 21.7, 22.4, 22.5, 22.8, 23.7, 24.3, 24.4, 25.7, 28.8,28.8, 28.9, 30.9, 31.1, 31.6, 34.5, 34.9, 35.4, 37.2, 37.5, 38.1, 40.7,41.6, 42.0, 45.7, 51.1, 51.2, 58.9, 65.6, 65.7, 66.1, 70.8, 71.1, 71.4,72.5, 73.1, 74.8, 99.5, 100.5, 120.7, 127.5, 127.6, 127.8, 128.4, 138.2,150.3, 166.2, 166.3, 167.3, 170.5, 171.7, 171.8, 194.6; HRMS calc'd forC₆₅H₁₀₃ClO₁₇Si (+1Na): 1241.6532; found: 1241.6551; [α]^(27.0)_(d):−31.67° (c 4.17, CH₂Cl₂).

705.1 (Formula 705 where R is OH, R′ is OBn, R³ is OH, R⁵ is ═O, R⁸ ist-Bu-O₂MeCl, R⁹ is H, R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me and R²⁶ isMe)

To 704.1 (38 mg, 0.031 mmol) in THF (9.5 mL) was added freshly dried 4Angstrom molecular sieve beads (57 beads) and 70% HF/pyridine (2.3 mL),and the resulting solution was stirred for 45 min. in a plastic flask.The reaction was then poured into a saturated solution of sodiumbicarbonate (95 mL) and diluted with EtOAc (30 mL). The layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (40 mL×3). Thecombined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and the solventwas removed in vacuo. Silica chromatography (40% to 100% EtOAc/pentane)afforded 705.1 (13.4 mg, 45%) and a putative diol 705.1a without the3-hydroxy TBS protecting group (9.0 mg, 30%).

To putative diol 705.1a (4.8 mg, 4.95 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was addedfreshly dried 4 Å molecular sieve beads (3 beads) and 70% HF/pyridine(0.1 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred for 40 min. in a plasticflask. The reaction was then poured into a saturated solution of sodiumbicarbonate (5 mL) and diluted with EtOAc (30 mL). The layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (4 mL×4). Thecombined organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent wasremoved in vacuo. Chromatography (30% to 100% EtOAc/pentane) afforded705.1 (a compound of Formula III where R³ is OH, R⁵ is ═O, R⁸ ist-Bu-chloroacetate, R⁹ is H, R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me andR²⁶ is Me). (1.1 mg, effectively adding 7% to above yield=52%). 705.1:R_(f) (30% EtOAc/pentane)=0.23; IR (film): 3391.9, 2929.4, 2856.8,1731.9, 1664.5, 1434.2, 1375.1, 1249.6, 1160.5, 1133.2, 1098.3, 982.1,735.8 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (500MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.87 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 0.93 (3H,s), 0.96 (3H, s), 1.03 (3H, s), 1.18 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 1.20 (3H, s),1.22-1.30 (10H, m), 1.51 (1H, br. d, J=12.5 Hz), 1.69-1.81 (3H, m),2.00-2.08 (4H, m), 2.29-2.34 (3H, m), 2.41 (1H, dd, J=12.5, 4.0 Hz),2.63 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 2.5 Hz), 2.82 (1H, dd, J=12.5, 4.5 Hz), 3.58 (1H,d, J=11.0 Hz), 3.61-3.64 (1H, m), 3.67-3.74 (2H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.80(1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 3.82 (1H, t, J=12.0 Hz), 3.95-3.99 (1H, m), 3.97(1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 4.05-4.10 (1H, m), 4.08 (2H, s), 4.34 (1H, s),4.39-4.44 (1H, m), 4.53 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz),5.12 (1H, s), 5.19 (1H, dd, J=12.0, 3.0 Hz), 5.41 (1H, dd, J=16.0, 7.3Hz), 5.50 (1H, ddd, J=12.3, 4.0, 3.0 Hz), 5.98 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 6.08(1H, d, J=16.0 Hz), 7.29-7.38 (5H, m); ¹³C-NMR (125MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.0,15.3, 19.4, 20.0, 21.4, 22.5, 23.9, 24.7, 28.8, 29.0, 31.2, 31.6, 32.6,34.5, 34.6, 37.1, 38.5, 40.8, 42.2, 43.2, 45.0, 51.1, 65.0, 65.8, 66.5,71.0, 71.1, 71.1, 73.2, 74.0, 75.0, 75.5, 98.7, 101.2, 119.7, 126.9,127.7, 127.8, 128.4, 138.2, 142.7, 151.4, 166.8, 167.2, 170.1, 170.1,172.1; HRMS calc'd for C₄₉H₇₁ClO₁₆ (+1Na): 973.4350; found: 973.4328;[α]^(25.0) _(d):−3.04° (c 1.34, CH₂Cl₂).

705.2 (Formula 705 where R is OH, R′ is OBn, R³ is OH, R⁵ is ═O, R⁸ ist-Bu-OH, R⁹ is H, R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me and R²⁶ is Me)

To 705.1 (7.4 mg, 7.785 mmol) in THF (0.66 mL) was added thiourea (66mg, 0.84 mmol) and the resulting slurry was stirred at room temperaturefor 3 days. The reaction was then added directly to a silica column andeluted (50% to 58% to 70% EtOAc/pentane) to afford 705.2 (a compound ofFormula III where R³ is OH, R⁵ is ═O, R⁸ is t-Bu-OH, R⁹ is H, R²⁰ is—O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me and R²⁶ is Me). (6.3 mg, 92%). 705.2:R_(f) (50% EtOAc/pentane)=0.18; IR (film): 3423.1, 2926.7, 2856.8,1726.4, 1659.2, 1376.1, 1253.2, 1159.3, 1098.3, 980.8, 799.1, 729.7cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.77 (3H, s), 0.86 (3H, t, J=10.8 Hz),0.96 (3H, s), 1.03 (3H, s), 1.18 (3H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 1.20 (3H, s),1.22-1.34 (10H, m), 1.68-1.82 (3H, m), 2.01-2.12 (3H, m), 2.18-2.33 (3H,m), 2.45 (1H, dd, J=12.6, 4.5 Hz), 2.62-2.67 (2H, m), 2.85 (1H, dd,J=12.6, 3.6 Hz), 3.09-3.21 (2H, m), 3.60-3.88 (5H, m), 3.68 (3H, s),3.93-4.00 (1H, m), 4.09 (1H, dd, J=11.1, 4.5 Hz), 4.35 (1H, s),4.35-4.60 (1H, m), 4.52 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz),5.06 (1H, d, J=9.6 Hz), 5.12 (1H, s), 5.18 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 5.42 (1H,dd, J=15.9, 7.2 Hz), 5.44-5.51 (1H, m), 5.98 (1H, s), 6.08 (1H, d,J=15.9 Hz), 7.35-7.39 (5H, m); ¹³C-NMR (125MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.1, 15.3,18.4, 19.4, 22.4, 22.5, 23.9, 24.7, 28.9, 29.0, 29.7, 31.2, 31.6, 32.7,34.5, 34.7, 36.8, 39.7, 42.3, 43.2, 45.0, 51.1, 65.0, 65.9, 66.5, 69.0,71.1, 71.2, 74.0, 75.0, 77.2, 98.7, 101.3, 119.7, 126.9, 127.7, 127.9,128.4, 138.2, 142.8, 151.5, 166.9, 170.1, 171.8, 172.1; HRMS calc'd forC₄₇H₆₉O₁₅ (+1Na): 897.4595; found: 897.4612; [α]^(25.0) _(d):−9.50° (c0.47, CH₂Cl₂).

To myristic acid (10 mg, 0.044 mmol) in toluene (2.14 mL) at rt undernitrogen is added triethylamine (23.3 μL, 0.175 mmol) followed by2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride (6.8 μL, 0.044 mmol). The resultingsolution was stirred for 45 min. An aliquot of this solution (63 μL,0.0013 mmol) was added to a solution of 705.2 (1 mg, 0.00114 mmol) andDMAP (0.7 mg, 0.0059 mmol) in toluene (500 μL). The slightly yellow,cloudy solution is stirred at rt for 30 min. and then added directly toa silica column and eluted (30% EtOAC/pentane). The eluted material isthen re-chromatographed (30% EtOAC/pentane). The resulting material wasthen dissolved in EtOAc (500 μL) and Pearlman's catalyst (2 mg) wasadded. The resulting suspension was evacuated and re-filled withhydrogen (5 times) while the reaction was stirred vigorously. After 30min., the reaction is added directly to a silica column and eluted(EtOAc). This provided C7 myristate analogue 705.3 (360 μg, 32%—2 steps)(a compound of Formula III where R³ is OH, R⁵ is ═O, R⁸ ist-Bu-myristate, R⁹ is H, R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me and R²⁶ isMe). R_(f) (40% EtOAc/pentane)=0.19. IR (film) 3256.8, 2915.8, 2845.2,1746.4, 1722.9, 1158.4, 1029.0, 864.4, 793.8 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (500MHz,CDCl₃) δ 0.86-0.94 (12H, m), 1.05 (3H, s), 1.14-1.38 (38H, m), 1.59-1.63(2H, m), 1.63-1.88 (3H, m), 2.03-2.07 (3H, m), 2.31-2.42 (4H, m), 2.47(1H, dd, J=12.8, 3.8 Hz), 2.72-2.74 (2H, m), 2.86 (1H, dd, J=12.5, 5.0Hz), 3.70 (3H, s), 3.62-3.75 (3H, m), 3.78-3.87 (3H, m), 3.99-4.04 (1H,m), 4.09-4.14 (1H, m), 4.37-4.50 (2H, m), 5.15 (1H, s), 5.16 (1H, d,J=7.4 Hz), 5.21 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 5.33-5.34 (1H, m), 5.43 (1H, dd,J=15.6, 7.4 Hz), 6.01 (1H, s), 6.07 (1H, d, J=15.6 Hz). ¹³C-NMR (500MHz,CDCl₃) δ 14.1, 19.9, 20.5, 21.1, 22.7, 23.2, 23.9, 24.7, 24.7, 24.9,26.7, 29.1, 29.3, 29.4, 29.4, 29.7, 30.2, 31.1, 31.6, 31.9, 33.5, 33.7,34.3, 34.5, 35.8, 37.2, 38.4, 42.3, 43.3, 45.0, 51.1, 65.0, 65.9, 66.6,69.4, 70.0, 73.3, 73.5, 74.0, 75.9, 77.2, 98.7, 101.2, 119.8, 126.9,128.8, 142.7, 151.3, 166.8, 170.4, 170.9, 172.4. HRMS (FAB) calc'd forC₅₄H₉₀O₁₆Na: 1017.6133, found: 1017.6127. [α]^(21.1) _(D)=−7.14° (c0.035, CH₂Cl₂).

3D. Formula V—Bryostatin Analogue Containing Diester Linker (903.1)

901.1 (Formula 901 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—CH₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me

To a solution of silyl ether 111 from Example 1C (1.17 g, 1.44 mmol) andpyridine (2.07 mL, 25.65 mmol) in 12 mL THF in a polypropylene vial wasadded HF/pyridine complex (0.83 mL, 28.83 mmol) at rt. The solution wasstirred for 24 hours and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer waswashed with sat. CuSO₄ and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated invacuo to afford the corresponding alcohol (not shown) as a pale yellowoil. To the alcohol (24.6 mg, 0.036 mmol) in methylene chloride (0.7 mL)was added DMAP (24.5 mg, 0.201 mmol) followed by succinic anhydride (8.6mg, 0.086 mmol) at rt. The solution was heated to 42° C. for 3 hours andthen slowly cooled to rt. Col. chromatography (40% EtOAc+1% AcOH/hexane)provided crude 901.1 (28.6 mg, 0.0353 mmol).

902.1 (Formula 902 where R²⁰ is —O—CO—CH₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me

To crude 901.1 (28.6 mg) in methylene chloride (0.8 mL) and water (9.5μL) was added DDQ (10.4 mg, 0.046 mmol) at rt. After stirring for 2hours, the reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solution ofammonium chloride and extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combinedorganics were then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removedin vacuo. Chromatography (40% EtOAc+1% AcOH/hexane) provided seco acid902.1 (21.9 mg, 0.032 mmol, 91% in 2 steps).

To 902.1 (5 mg, 7.38 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.4 mL) and water (42 μL) atrt was added 48% aqueous HF dropwise (24 μL, 0.738 mmol). The reactionwas stirred for 40 min. and then quenched with a saturated aqueoussolution of sodium bicarbonate (5 mL). The layers were separated andthen the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (6×5 mL). The combinedorganics were dried over sodium sulfate and then the solvent was removedin vacuo. The resulting clear oil (not shown) was then used immediatelyin the next step.

To DMAP (9 mg, 0.074 mmol) and DMAP.HCl (8.2 mg, 0.052 mmol) inmethylene chloride (1.4 mL) was added DCC (10.6 mg, 0.052 mmol) at rt.The clear oil from the preceding step in methylene chloride (2.2 mL) wasthen added over 3 h. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h andthen quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (5mL). The layers were separated and then the aqueous layer was extractedwith EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organics were then dried over sodiumsulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography(30% EtOAc/hexane) provided corresponding crude macrocycle (not shown)as a colorless oil.

The crude macrocycle from the preceding step was dissolved in ethylacetate (2.6 mL) and Pd(OH)₂/C (2.4 mg, 20% wt. on carbon) was added.The resulting suspension was evacuated and refilled with 1 atm. hydrogengas (×5) and was vigorously stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere for 3hours. The crude mixture was pipetted directly onto a silica gel columnand the product was eluted (50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford of bryostatinanalogue 903.1 (0.3 mg, 7%—3 steps) (a compound of Formula V where p is2, R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₇H₁₅, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me and R²⁶ is Me) as a white solid.

Example 4 Bryostatin Analogues Containing Selected C20 Ester Substituent

This example illustrates methods for preparing bryostatin compounds andanalogues that contain selected ester substituents at C20.

4A. Acetyl C20 Ester (702.2)

To a solution of enal 13, prepared as described for compound 13 inWender et al. (1998a) (180 mg, 0.03 mmol) in 0.5 mL of MeOH at rt wasadded pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS, 2 mg, catalytic) andtrimethylorthoformate (5 drops). The progress of the reaction wasmonitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). After 30 min the reactionwas quenched with 1.0 mL Et₃N. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure to afford the expected crude dimethylacetal product (notshown). This product was immediately dissolved in MeOH (0.5 mL) andK₂CO₃ (3 mg, catalytic). The progress of the reaction was monitored byTLC. After 30 min the reaction was quenched. The solution was quenchedwith sat. NaHCO₃, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with H₂O, driedover MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crudeC20 free hydroxyl product (not shown). The crude product was immediatelydissolved in methylene chloride (0.5 mL) and acetic anhydride (0.3 mL,excess) and DMAP (5 mg, catalytic) was added at rt. The progress of thereaction was monitored by TLC. After 30 min the reaction was quenched.The solution was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL),washed with H₂O, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reducedpressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography onsilica gel with 20% EtOAc-hexanes as eluant affording 14 mg (82% forfour steps) of dimethylacetal 37. R_(f) (20% ethylacetate/hexanes)=0.17; R_(f) (25% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.44; IR 2927, 2859,1744, 1719, 1687, 1514, 1249, 1156, 1103, 1079, 1037 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.85 (6H, m) 1.16-1.30 (10H, m), 1.14 (3H, s), 1.18 (3H,s), 1.75 (1H, m), 1.98-2.17 (3H, m), 2.32 (1H, m), 3.27 (3H, s), 3.52(1H, d, J=16.5 Hz), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.87 (1H, m), 3.95 (1H,m), 4.09 (1H, m), 4.47 (2H, ABq, J=11.4 Hz), 5.41 (1H, s), 5.88 (1H, s),5.91 (1H, dd, J=16.2, 7.7 Hz), 6.83 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.16 (2H, d,J=8.7 Hz), 7.27-7.35 (6H, m), 9.44 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz, C15); ¹³C NMR (75MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.1, 21.7, 22.6, 24.0, 24.6, 28.9, 29.0, 31.7, 32.6,34.5, 36.2, 47.5, 51.3, 51.5, 55.4, 69.2, 71.3, 71.8, 74.4, 76.3, 102.7,114.1, 118.2, 127.1, 127.7, 127.9, 128.7, 129.5, 130.7, 138.9, 151.6,159.6, 166.6, 167.3, 172.1, 195.0; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−0.7° (c 1.7, CH₂Cl₂).

303.1 (Formula 303 where R²⁰ is —O—CO-Me, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To a solution of dimethylacetal 37 (14 mg, 0.02 mmol) in 0.6 mL 1%aqueous CH₂Cl₂ was added solid 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone(DDQ, 10 mg, 0.03 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 2 h, pipetteddirectly onto a column of silica gel, and the product eluted with 35%EtOAc/hexanes to provide intermediate alcohol 303.1 (10 mg, 91%) as acolorless oil: R_(f) (35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.22; IR 3528, 2930, 2858,1745, 1720, 1686, 1458, 1437, 1380 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.86(3H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 1.13 (3H, s), 1.17 (3H, s), 1.25 (10H, m), 1.52 (2H,m), 1.71 (2H, m), 2.12 (2H, m), 2.35 (1H, t, J=14.1 Hz), 2.60 (1H, d,J=3.6 Hz), 3.41 (3H, s, C19 OCH₃), 3.45 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.82 (1H,s), 4.24 (1H, m), 4.55 (2H, ABq, J=11.4 Hz), 5.47 (1H, s), 5.86 (1H, s),5.91 (1H, dd, J=15.9, 7.5 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz), 7.34 (5H, s),9.52 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.6, 15.3, 21.6,22.4, 23.5, 24.7, 28.6, 28.8, 31.5, 32.8, 34.1, 39.5, 47.4, 51.1, 51.2,68.3, 70.9, 71.0, 71.1, 78.8, 102.4, 117.4, 126.8, 127.9, 128.0, 128.5,138.1, 151.8, 166.4, 167.3, 171.4, 194.5; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−21.0° (c 1.0,CH₂Cl₂).

304.1 (Formula 304 where R²⁰ is —O—CO-Me, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

Alcohol 303.1 (10 mg, 0.02 mmol) was dissolved in 1.1 mL CH₃CN/H₂O (9:1)and treated with 48% aqueous HF (200 μL, 300 mol % excess) at rt. Theresulting mixture was stirred for 1 h, quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ anddiluted with 10 mL EtOAc. The aqueous layer was separated and extractedwith EtOAc (2×). The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated in vacuo to afford crude hemiketal enal 304.1 as acolorless oil. The crude product was purified by column chromatographyon silica gel with 35% EtOAc-hexanes as eluant affording 8 mg (89%) ofhemiketal enal 304.1. R_(f) (35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.15; IR 3528, 2930,2858, 1745, 1720, 1686, 1458, 1437, 1380 cm⁻¹;

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.86 (3H, t, J=6.9 Hz, octanoate Me), 1.13(3H, s, C18 Me), 1.17 (3H, s, C18 Me), 1.25 (10H, m), 1.52 (2H, m), 1.71(2H, m), 2.12 (2H, m), 2.35 (1H, t, J=14.1 Hz), 2.60 (1H, d, J=3.6 Hz),3.41 (3H, s, C19 OCH₃), 3.45 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s, methyl ester), 3.82(1H, s), 4.24 (1H, m), 4.44 (1H, d, J=11.1 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.69 (1H, d,J=11.4 Hz, CH₂Ph), 5.47 (1H, s, C20), 5.86 (1H, s, C34), 5.91 (1H, dd,J=15.9, 7.5 Hz, C16), 7.29 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz, C17), 7.34 (5H, s, Ph),9.52 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz, C15); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.8, 15.4, 21.7,22.3, 23.6, 24.3, 28.7, 28.8, 31.4, 32.7, 34.2, 39.5, 47.3, 51.1, 51.2,68.3, 70.8, 71.0, 71.1, 78.1, 102.3, 117.4, 126.8, 128.0, 128.1, 128.6,138.1, 151.8, 166.4, 167.1, 171.7, 194.7; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−19.0° (c 1.4,CH₂Cl₂).

701.1 (Formula 701 where R is OH, R′ is OBn, R³ is TBSO, R²⁰ is—O—CO-Me, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me, R²⁶ is Me and X is Oxygen)

Carboxylic acid 407 (Example 2B, 15 mg, 0.03 mmol) and Et₃N (16.5 μL,0.12 mmol) were dissolved in 300 μL toluene and treated with2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride (4.8 μL, 0.03 mmol) dropwise at rt. After1 h at rt, a toluene solution of freshly prepared 304.1 and4-dimethylaminopyridine (14 mg, 0.12 mmol) was added gradually andstirring was continued for 40 min. The crude mixture was pipetteddirectly onto a column of silica gel and the product eluted with 20%EtOAc/hexanes to provide ester 701.1 as a colorless oil (15 mg, 63%).R_(f) (35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.71; IR 3487, 2927, 2856, 1723, 1689, 1455,1379, 1228, 1156, 1113, 1084, 1032, 981 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, C₆D₆) δ0.80 (1H, t, J=12.7 Hz), 0.93 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 0.97 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz),1.10-1.36 (24H, m), 1.36-1.85 (21H, m), 1.91-2.13 (6H, m), 2.39 (1H, t,J=12.8 Hz), 2.79 (1H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 2.93 (1H, m), 3.05 (1H, m), 3.29(3H, s), 3.33 (1H, s), 3.37-3.48 (2H, m), 3.80 (1H, dd, J=11.4, 5.1 Hz),3.95-4.05 (2H, m), 4.15 (1H, td, J=10.8, 0.9 Hz), 4.23 (1H, d, J=13.5Hz), 4.40 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 4.47 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 5.57 (1H, s),5.64 (1H, dd, J=10.6, 4.6 Hz), 6.05 (1H, dd, J=16.1, 7.6 Hz), 6.39 (1H,s), 7.10-7.35 (5H, m), 7.45 (1H, d, J=16.1 Hz), 9.60 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz);¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, C₆D₆) δ 14.1, 15.1, 19.3, 20.1, 21.3, 22.3, 22.4, 22.7,23.8, 24.0, 24.6, 24.6, 29.0, 29.0, 29.3, 31.3, 31.6, 31.8, 34.2, 34.5,35.2, 35.7, 36.2, 37.6, 43.5, 45.7, 51.6, 59.1, 64.9, 66.7, 71.1, 72.0,72.9, 74.1, 75.3, 77.1, 100.2, 100.6, 121.2, 127.2, 127.3, 127.9, 128.6,138.9, 151.2, 164.5, 166.3, 171.5, 175.1, 193.4; [α]²⁰ _(D)=−19° (c 1.5,CH₂Cl₂).

701.2 (Formula 701 where R is OH, R′ is OBn, R³ is OH, R²⁰ is —O—CO-MeR²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me, R²⁶ is Me and X is Oxygen)

To ester 701.1 (13 mg, 0.02 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added pyridine(360 μL, 0.45 mmol) followed by 70% HF/pyridine (144 μL, 500 mol %excess) and stirred for 20 hours. The reaction was then quenched with asaturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. The biphasic mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (×4) and the combined organics were driedover sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed in vacuo to provide crudeC3 hydroxyester 701.2. The crude mixture was pipetted directly onto acolumn of silica gel and the product eluted with 35% EtOAc/hexanes toprovide ester 701.2 as a colorless oil (9 mg, 82%). R_(f) (40%EtOAc/hexanes)=0.19; IR 3522, 2927, 2857, 1724, 1664, 1230, 1158, 1136,1107, 979 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, C₆D₆) δ 0.84 (3H, t, J=5.4 Hz),0.88-0.96 (5H, m), 1.00 (3H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 1.02-1.55 (27H, m), 1.63-1.81(2H, m), 1.82-1.94 (2H, m), 2.03 (1H, br t, J=5.2 Hz), 2.19-2.27 (1H,m), 2.34 (1H, dt, J=9, 1.5 Hz), 2.94-3.01 (2H, m), 3.22 (1H, s), 3.58(1H, br d, J=3.6 Hz), 3.68-3.74 (1H, m), 3.84-3.88 (1H, m), 3.94 (1H,dd, J=8.6, 3.1 Hz), 4.23 (1H, dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz), 4.31 (1H, br t, J=8.1Hz), 5.36-5.41 (1H, m), 5.50 (1H, s), 5.61 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 6.00 (1H,dd, J=12.0, 5.4 Hz), 6.36 (1H, s), 6.53 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100MHz, C₆D₆) δ 14.2, 19.4, 19.8, 22.4, 22.9, 24.0, 24.5, 25.0, 29.1, 29.2,30.2, 31.8, 31.9, 32.0, 33.1, 34.6, 34.9, 35.4, 36.5, 43.6, 45.6, 50.7,66.1, 66.7, 69.6, 73.2, 74.7, 75.8, 76.3, 77.5, 98.7, 102.6, 120.5,140.1, 151.2, 151.5, 166.5, 171.5, 174.2[α]²⁰ _(D)=−13.5° (c 0.9,CDCl₃).

702.2 (Formula 702 where R³ is OH, R²⁰ is —O—CO-Me R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me, R²⁶is Me and X is Oxygen)

To a solution of C3 hydroxyester 701.2 (8 mg, 0.01 mmol) in 2.0 mLCH₂Cl₂ was added 4 Å molecular sieves and the mixture was aged for 20min. 45-50 beads of Amberlyst-15 sulfonic acid resin were added and themixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The crude mixture was pipetteddirectly onto a column of silica gel and the product eluted with 35%EtOAc/hexanes to provide the expected macrocyclic product (not shown) asa colorless oil (5 mg, 83%). R_(f) (35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.21; IR 3522,2927, 2857, 1724, 1664, 1230, 1158, 1136, 1107, 979 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400MHz, C₆D₆) δ 0.84 (3H, t, J=5.4 Hz), 0.88-0.96 (5H, m), 1.00 (3H, d,J=4.8 Hz), 1.02-1.55 (27H, m), 1.63-1.81 (2H, m), 1.82-1.94 (2H, m),2.03 (1H, br t, J=5.2 Hz), 2.19-2.27 (1H, m), 2.34 (1H, dt, J=9, 1.5Hz), 2.94-3.01 (2H, m), 3.22 (1H, s), 3.58 (1H, br d, J=3.6 Hz),3.68-3.74 (1H, m), 3.84-3.88 (1H, m), 3.94 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 3.1 Hz), 4.23(1H, dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz), 4.31 (1H, br t, J=8.1 Hz), 5.36-5.41 (1H, m),5.50 (1H, s), 5.61 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 6.00 (1H, dd, J=12.0, 5.4 Hz),6.36 (1H, s), 6.53 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, C₆D₆) δ 14.2,19.4, 19.8, 22.4, 22.9, 24.0, 24.5, 25.0, 29.1, 29.2, 30.2, 31.8, 31.9,32.0, 33.1, 34.6, 34.9, 35.4, 36.5, 43.6, 45.6, 50.7, 66.1, 66.7, 69.6,73.2, 74.7, 75.8, 76.3, 77.5, 98.7, 102.6, 120.5, 140.1, 151.2, 151.5,166.5, 171.5, 174.2.

The macrocyclic product from the preceding step was dissolved in 0.5 mLEtOAc and 2.2 mg Pd(OH)₂ (20% wt. on carbon) was added. The resultingsuspension was vigorously stirred under balloon pressure of hydrogen gasfor 35 min. The crude mixture was pipetted directly onto a column ofsilica gel and the product was eluted with 60% EtOAc/hexanes to affordacetate analogue 702.2 (4 mg, 93%) (a compound of Formula II where R³ isOH, R²⁰ is —O—CO-Me, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me, R²⁶ is Me and X is oxygen) as awhite semi-solid. R_(f) (50% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.16; IR 3522, 2927, 2857,1724, 1664, 1230 IR (neat)=3455, 3319, 2929, 2856, 1735, 1380, 1230,1138, 976 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.37 (3H, br. s), 0.77-0.92(14H, m), 1.06 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 1.07 (1H, t, J=11.0 Hz), 1.10-1.28(5H, m), 1.27 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H, s), 1.57-1.78 (4H, m), 2.03 (2H, t,J=7.4 Hz), 2.17 (1H, dd, J=9.9, 0.5 Hz), 2.37 (1H, m), 2.40 (1H, m),2.85 (1H, t, J=11.2 Hz), 2.96 (1H, t, J=10.8 Hz), 3.15 (3H, s),3.68-3.75 (3H, m), 3.91 (1H, dd, J=11.2, 4.0 Hz), 4.12 (1H, t, J=9.7Hz), 4.35 (1H, dd, J=13.9, 2.3 Hz), 4.48 (1H, td, J=11.0, 2.8 Hz), 4.70(1H, d, J=12.1 Hz), 5.44 (1H, quint., J=4.8 Hz), 5.54 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz),5.69 (1H, s), 5.76 (1H, s), 5.85 (1H, dd, J=16.1, 7.5 Hz), 6.40 (1H, d,J=1.8 Hz), 6.50 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.3,19.6, 12.0, 22.9, 23.2, 24.9, 25.0, 29.2, 29.2, 31.4, 31.5, 31.9, 32.9,34.7, 36.3, 39.9, 42.6, 43.2, 45.4, 50.5, 65.2, 66.2, 67.0, 70.4, 74.2,74.7, 75.3, 75.9, 78.5, 99.7, 103.1, 120.5, 142.5, 152.5, 171.6, 172.5;[α]²⁵ _(D)=−9.0° (c=0.36, CDCl₃).

4B. Heptanoate C20 Ester (702.3)

308.1 Formula 308 where R^(20a) is Heptenoate and R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me)

To solution of the enal of Formula 305 (in which R²⁰ is C₇H₁₅), preparedas described for compound 13 in Wender et al. (1998a), (224 mg, 0.04mmol) in 0.5 mL of MeOH at rt was added PPTS (2 mg, catalytic) andtrimethylorthoformate (1 drop). The progress of the reaction wasmonitored by TLC. After 30 min the reaction was quenched with 1.0 mLEt₃N. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford thecorresponding crude dimethylacetal product of Formula 306. This productwas immediately dissolved in MeOH (2.0 mL) and K₂CO₃ (3 mg, catalytic).The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After 30 min thereaction was quenched. The solution was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃,diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with H₂O, dried over MgSO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure to afford the corresponding crudeC20 free hydroxyl product of Formula 307.

Heptenoic acid (6 mg, 0.05 mmol) and Et₃N (21 μL, 0.16 mmol) weredissolved in 600 μL toluene and treated with2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride (7.0 μL, 0.05 mmol) dropwise at rt. After1 h at rt, a toluene solution of the freshly prepared C20 free hydroxylproduct of Formula 307 and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 20 mg, 0.17mmol) was added gradually and stirring was continued for 40 min After 30min the reaction was quenched. The solution was quenched with sat.NaHCO₃, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with H₂O, dried over MgSO₄and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purifiedby column chromatography on silica gel with 20% EtOAc-hexanes as eluantaffording 21 mg (84%) of the corresponding dimethylacetal, C20heptenoate product of Formula 308.1. R_(f) (20% ethylacetate/hexanes)=0.22; IR 2927, 2859, 1744, 1719, 1687, 1514, 1249,cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.85 (6H, m) 1.16-1.30 (10H, m), 1.14(3H, s), 1.18 (3H, s), 1.75 (1H, m), 1.98-2.17 (3H, m), 2.32 (1H, m),3.27 (3H, s), 3.52 (1H, d, J=16.5 Hz), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.87(1H, m), 3.95 (1H, m), 4.09 (1H, m), 4.42 (2H, ABq, J=11.0 Hz), 4.59(1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.98 (1H, s), 5.02 (1H, d,J=15.2 Hz), 5.41 (1H, s), 5.88 (1H, s), 5.91 (1H, dd, J=16.2, 7.7 Hz),6.83 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.16 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.27-7.35 (6H, m), 9.44(1H, d, J=7.7 Hz); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.1, 21.7, 22.6, 24.0,24.6, 28.9, 29.0, 31.7, 32.6, 34.5, 36.2, 47.5, 51.3, 51.5, 55.4, 69.2,71.3, 71.8, 74.4, 76.3, 102.7, 114.1, 118.2, 127.1, 127.7, 127.9, 128.7,129.5, 130.7, 138.9, 151.6, 159.6, 166.6, 167.3, 172.1, 195.0.

To a solution of 308.1 (17 mg, 0.02 mmol) in 0.5 mL 1% aqueous CH₂Cl₂was added solid 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ, 8 mg,0.03 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 2 h, pipetted directlyonto a column of silica gel, and the product eluted with 35%EtOAc/hexanes to provide the corresponding intermediate alcohol (11 mg,85%) as a colorless oil. R_(f) (50% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.55; IR 3528, 2930,2858, 1745, 1720, 1686 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.86 (3H, t,J=6.9 Hz), 1.13 (3H, s), 1.17 (3H, s), 1.25 (10H, m), 1.52 (2H, m), 1.71(2H, m), 2.12 (2H, m), 2.35 (1H, t, J=14.1 Hz), 2.60 (1H, d, J=3.6 Hz),3.41 (3H, s), 3.45 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.82 (1H, s), 4.24 (1H, m),4.54 (2H, ABq, J=11.2 Hz), 5.47 (1H, s), 4.98 (1H, s), 5.02 (1H, d,J=15.2 Hz), 5.86 (1H, s), 5.91 (1H, dd, J=15.9, 7.5 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d,J=15.9 Hz), 7.34 (5H, s), 9.52 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 13.8, 15.4, 21.7, 22.4, 23.6, 24.4, 28.8, 28.8, 31.5, 32.8,34.4, 39.5, 47.4, 51.1, 51.2, 68.3, 70.8, 71.1, 71.2, 78.3, 102.5,117.3, 127.0, 127.9, 128.0, 128.5, 138.1, 151.7, 166.5, 167.4, 171.8,194.6.

The intermediate alcohol (11 mg, 0.02 mmol) was dissolved in 1.0 mLCH₃CN/H₂O (9:1) and treated with 48% aqueous HF (200 μL, 300 mol %excess) at rt. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h, quenched withsat. NaHCO₃ and diluted with 10 mL EtOAc. The aqueous layer wasseparated and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organics weredried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to afford the correspondingcrude hemiketal enal of Formula 303a as a colorless oil. The crudeproduct was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with 50%EtOAc-hexanes as eluant affording 8 mg (80%) of the C20 heptenoatehemiketal enal. R_(f) (35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.05; IR 3528, 2930, 2858,1745, 1720, 1686, 1458, 1437, 1380 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.86(3H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 1.13 (3H, s), 1.17 (3H, s), 1.25 (10H, m), 1.52 (2H,m), 1.71 (2H, m), 2.12 (2H, m), 2.35 (1H, t, J=14.1 Hz), 2.60 (1H, d,J=3.6 Hz), 3.41 (3H, s), 3.45 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.82 (1H, s), 4.24(1H, m), 4.52 (2H, ABq, J=11.4 Hz), 4.98 (1H, s), 5.02 (1H, d, J=15.2Hz), 5.47 (1H, s), 5.86 (1H, s), 5.91 (1H, dd, J=15.9, 7.5 Hz), 7.29(1H, d, J=15.9 Hz), 7.34 (5H, s), 9.52 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (75MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.9, 15.4, 21.7, 22.4, 23.6, 24.4, 28.8, 28.8, 31.4,32.7, 34.2, 39.5, 47.4, 51.1, 51.2, 68.3, 70.9, 71.1, 71.1, 78.5, 102.4,117.4, 126.8, 128.0, 128.0, 128.6, 138.1, 151.8, 166.4, 167.1, 171.8,194.7.

Carboxylic acid 407 (21 mg, 0.04 mmol) and Et₃N (19 mL, 0.12 mmol) weredissolved in 400 μL toluene and treated with2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride (6.0 mL, 0.04 mmol) dropwise at rt. After1 h at rt, a toluene solution of freshly prepared C20 heptenoatehemiketal enal (16 mg, 0.03 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (17 mg,0.13 mmol) was added gradually and stirring was continued for 40 min.The crude mixture was pipetted directly onto a column of silica gel andthe product eluted with 20% EtOAc/hexanes to provide the expected ester(Formula 701 where R is OH, R′ is OBn, R³ is TBSO, R²⁰ is heptenoate,R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me and R²⁶ is methyl) as a colorless oil (24 mg, 80%). IR3487, 2927, 2856, 1723, 1689, 1455, 1379 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ0.80 (1H, t, J=12.7 Hz), 0.93 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 0.97 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz),1.10-1.36 (24H, m), 1.36-1.85 (21H, m), 1.91-2.13 (6H, m), 2.39 (1H, t,J=12.8 Hz), 2.79 (1H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 2.93 (1H, m), 3.05 (1H, m), 3.29(3H, s), 3.33 (1H, s), 3.37-3.48 (2H, m), 3.80 (1H, dd, J=11.4, 5.1 Hz),3.95-4.05 (2H, m), 4.15 (1H, td, J=10.8, 0.9 Hz), 4.23 (1H, d, J=13.5Hz), 4.50 (2H, ABq, J=12.0 Hz), 4.98 (1H, s), 5.00 (1H, d, J=15.2 Hz),5.57 (1H, s), 5.64 (1H, dd, J=10.6, 4.6 Hz), 6.05 (1H, dd, J=16.1, 7.6Hz), 6.39 (1H, s), 7.10-7.35 (5H, m), 7.45 (1H, d, J=16.1 Hz), 9.60 (1H,d, J=7.6 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.1, 15.1, 19.3, 20.1, 21.3,22.3, 22.4, 22.7, 23.8, 24.0, 24.6, 24.6, 29.0, 29.0, 29.3, 31.3, 31.6,31.8, 34.2, 34.5, 35.2, 35.7, 36.2, 37.6, 43.5, 45.7, 51.6, 59.1, 64.9,66.7, 71.1, 72.0, 72.9, 74.1, 75.3, 77.1, 100.2, 100.6, 121.2, 127.2,127.3, 127.9, 128.6, 138.9, 151.2, 164.5, 166.3, 171.5, 175.1, 193.4;[α]²⁰ _(D)=−19° (c 1.5, CH₂Cl₂).

To the ester prepared in the preceding step (21 mg, 0.03 mmol) in THF(0.5 mL) was added pyridine (360 mL, 0.45 mmol) followed by 70%HF/pyridine (144 μL, 500 mol % excess) and stirred for 20 hours. Thereaction was then quenched with a saturated solution of sodiumbicarbonate. The biphasic mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (×4)and the combined organics were dried over sodium sulfate. The solventwas removed in vacuo to provide the corresponding crude C3 hydroxyester.The crude mixture was pipetted directly onto a column of silica gel andthe product eluted with 30% EtOAc/hexanes to provide this correspondingester (where R³ is OH) as a colorless oil (13 mg, 68%). R_(f) (30%EtOAc/hexanes)=0.23; IR 3522, 2927, 2857, 1724, 1664, 1230, 1158, 1136,1107, 979 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.84 (3H, t, J=5.4 Hz),0.88-0.96 (5H, m), 1.00 (3H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 1.02-1.55 (27H, m), 1.63-1.81(2H, m), 1.82-1.94 (2H, m), 2.03 (1H, br t, J=5.2 Hz), 2.19-2.27 (1H,m), 2.34 (1H, dt, J=9, 1.5 Hz), 2.94-3.01 (2H, m), 3.22 (1H, s), 3.58(1H, br d, J=3.6 Hz), 3.68-3.74 (1H, m), 3.84-3.88 (1H, m), 3.94 (1H,dd, J=8.6, 3.1 Hz), 4.23 (1H, dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz), 4.31 (1H, br t, J=8.1Hz), 4.97 (1H, s), 5.02 (1H, d, J=15.2 Hz), 5.36-5.41 (1H, m), 5.50 (1H,s), 5.61 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 6.00 (1H, dd, J=12.0, 5.4 Hz), 6.36 (1H, s),6.53 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.2, 19.4, 19.8,22.4, 22.9, 24.0, 24.5, 25.0, 29.1, 29.2, 30.2, 31.8, 31.9, 32.0, 33.1,34.6, 34.9, 35.4, 36.5, 43.6, 45.6, 50.7, 66.1, 66.7, 69.6, 73.2, 74.7,75.8, 76.3, 77.5, 98.7, 102.6, 120.5, 140.1, 151.2, 151.5, 166.5, 171.5,174.2; [α]²⁰ _(D)=−13.5° (c 0.9, CDCl₃).

To a solution of the C3 hydroxy ester of the preceding step (12 mg, 0.01mmol) in 1.0 mL CH₂Cl₂ was added 4 Å molecular sieves and the mixturewas allowed to stand for 20 min 45-50 beads of Amberlyst-15 sulfonicacid resin were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. Thecrude mixture was pipetted directly onto a column of silica gel and theproduct eluted with 35% EtOAc/hexanes to provide the correspondingheptenoate macrocycle as a colorless oil (7 mg, 70%). R_(f) (35%EtOAc/hexanes)=0.21; IR 3522, 2927, 2857, 1724, 1664, 1230, 1158, 1136,1107, 979 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.84 (3H, t, J=5.4 Hz),0.88-0.96 (5H, m), 1.00 (3H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 1.02-1.55 (27H, m), 1.63-1.81(2H, m), 1.82-1.94 (2H, m), 2.03 (1H, br t, J=5.2 Hz), 2.19-2.27 (1H,m), 2.34 (1H, dt, J=9, 1.5 Hz), 2.94-3.01 (2H, m), 3.22 (1H, s), 3.58(1H, br d, J=3.6 Hz), 3.68-3.74 (1H, m), 3.84-3.88 (1H, m), 3.94 (1H,dd, J=8.6, 3.1 Hz), 4.23 (1H, dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz), 4.31 (1H, br t, J=8.1Hz), 4.99 (1H, s), 5.03 (1H, d, J=15.2 Hz), 5.36-5.41 (1H, m), 5.50 (1H,s), 5.61 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 6.00 (1H, dd, J=12.0, 5.4 Hz), 6.36 (1H, s),6.53 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.2, 19.4, 19.8,22.4, 22.9, 24.0, 24.5, 25.0, 29.1, 29.2, 30.2, 31.8, 31.9, 32.0, 33.1,34.6, 34.9, 35.4, 36.5, 43.6, 45.6, 50.7, 66.1, 66.7, 69.6, 73.2, 74.7,75.8, 76.3, 77.5, 98.7, 102.6, 120.5, 140.1, 151.2, 151.5, 166.5, 171.5,174.2.

The crude macrocycle of the preceding step (2 mg, 0.01 mmol) wasdissolved in 0.5 mL EtOAc and 2.2 mg Pd(OH)₂ (20% wt. on carbon) wasadded. The resulting suspension was vigorously stirred under balloonpressure of hydrogen gas for 35 min. The crude mixture was pipetteddirectly onto a column of silica gel and the product was eluted with 60%EtOAc/hexanes to afford heptanoate analogue (702.3) (Formula II where R³is OH, R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₆H₁₃, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me, R²⁶ is methyl and X isoxygen) (1 mg, 63%) as a white semi-solid. R_(f) (50%EtOAc/hexanes)=0.21; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.37 (3H, br. s),0.79-0.92 (14H, m), 1.06 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 1.07 (1H, t, J=11.0 Hz),1.10-1.25 (5H, m), 1.27 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H, s), 1.57-1.78 (4H, m), 2.03(2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.17 (1H, dd, J=9.9/0.5 Hz), 2.37 (1H, m), 2.40 (1H,m), 2.85 (1H, t, J=11.2 Hz), 2.96 (1H, t, J=10.8 Hz), 3.15 (3H, s),3.68-3.72 (3H, m), 3.91 (1H, dd, J=11.2, 4.0 Hz), 4.13 (1H, t, J=9.7Hz), 4.35 (1H, dd, J=13.9, 2.2 Hz), 4.48 (1H, td, J=11.0/2.8 Hz), 4.70(1H, d, J=12.1 Hz), 5.44 (1H, quint., J=4.8 Hz), 5.54 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz),5.69 (1H, s), 5.76 (1H, s), 5.85 (1H, dd, J=16.1, 7.5 Hz), 6.40 (1H, d,J=1.8 Hz), 6.50 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.2,19.4, 19.8, 22.4, 22.9, 24.0, 24.5, 25.0, 29.1, 29.2, 30.2, 31.8, 31.9,32.0, 33.1, 34.6, 34.9, 35.4, 36.5, 43.6, 45.6, 50.7, 66.1, 66.7, 69.6,73.2, 74.7, 75.8, 76.3, 77.5, 98.7, 102.6, 120.5, 140.1, 151.2, 151.5,166.5, 171.5, 174.2.

4C. Myristate C20 Ester (702.4)

To solution of the enal of Formula 305 (in which R²⁰ is C₇H₁₅) (180 mg,0.03 mmol), prepared as described for compound 13 in Wender et al.(1998a), in 0.5 mL of MeOH at rt was added PPTS (2 mg, catalytic) andtrimethylorthoformate (5 drops). The progress of the reaction wasmonitored by TLC. After 30 min the reaction was quenched with 1.0 mLEt₃N. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford thecorresponding crude dimethylacetal according to Formula 306. Thedimethylacetyl was immediately dissolved in MeOH (0.5 mL) and K₂CO₃ (3mg, catalytic). The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After30 min the reaction was quenched. The solution was quenched with sat.NaHCO₃, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with H₂O, dried over MgSO₄and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude C20 freehydroxyl product of Formula 307, which was reacted with myristic acid inthe same manner as the reaction of heptenoic acid in Example 4B. After30 min the reaction was quenched. The solution was quenched with sat.NaHCO₃, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with H₂O, dried over MgSO₄and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purifiedby column chromatography on silica gel with 35% EtOAc-hexanes as eluantaffording 14 mg (70% for three steps) of the desired dimethylacetalmyristate of Formula 308. R_(f) (20% ethyl acetate/hexanes)=0.5; R_(f)(35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.50; IR 2927, 2859, 1744, 1719, 1687, 1514, 1249,1156, 1103, 1079, 1037 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.85 (6H, m)1.16-1.30 (10H, m), 1.14 (3H, s), 1.18 (3H, s), 1.75 (1H, m), 1.95-2.17(3H, m), 2.32 (1H, m), 3.37 (3H, s), 3.52 (1H, d, J=16.5 Hz), 3.68 (3H,s), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.87 (1H, m), 3.95 (1H, m), 4.09 (1H, m), 4.55 (2H,ABq, J=11.0 Hz), 5.41 (1H, s), 5.86 (1H, s), 5.91 (1H, dd, J=16.2, 7.6Hz), 6.83 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.16 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.30-7.35 (6H, m),9.43 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.1, 21.7, 22.6,24.0, 24.6, 28.9, 29.0, 31.7, 32.6, 34.5, 36.2, 47.5, 51.3, 51.5, 55.4,69.2, 71.3, 71.8, 74.4, 76.3, 102.7, 114.1, 118.2, 127.1, 127.7, 127.9,128.7, 129.5, 130.7, 138.9, 151.6, 159.6, 166.6, 167.3, 172.1, 195.0.

To a solution of the dimethylacetal myristate (11 mg, 0.01 mmol) in 0.6mL 1% aqueous CH₂Cl₂ was added solid2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ, 4 mg, 0.02 mmol) at rt.The mixture was stirred for 2 h, pipetted directly onto a column ofsilica gel, and the product eluted with 35% EtOAc/hexanes to provide thecorresponding intermediate alcohol (8 mg, 89%) as a colorless oil: R_(f)(35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.22; IR 3528, 2930, 2858, 1745, 1720, 1686, 1458,1437, 1380 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.86 (3H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 1.13(3H, s), 1.17 (3H), 1.25 (10H, m), 1.52 (2H, m), 1.71 (2H, m), 2.12 (2H,m), 2.35 (1H, t, J=14.1 Hz), 2.60 (1H, d, J=3.6 Hz), 3.41 (3H, s), 3.45(1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.82 (1H, s), 4.24 (1H, m), 4.59 (2H, ABq, J=11.4Hz), 5.47 (1H, s, C20), 5.86 (1H, s), 5.91 (1H, dd, J=15.9, 7.5 Hz),7.29 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz), 7.34 (5H, m), 9.52 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz); ¹³C-NMR(75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.86, 15.44, 21.70, 22.38, 23.61, 24.39, 28.75,28.81, 31.45, 32.75, 34.22, 39.50, 47.35, 51.13, 51.23, 68.32, 70.89,71.06, 71.12, 78.51, 102.36, 117.43, 126.83, 127.97, 127.98, 128.57,138.11, 151.80, 166.42, 167.11, 171.76, 194.73; [α]_(D) ²⁰=−21.0° (c1.0, CH₂Cl₂).

The intermediate alcohol (7 mg, 0.02 mmol) was dissolved in 1.1 mLCH₃CN/H₂O (9:1) and treated with 48% aqueous HF (200 μl, 300 mol %excess) at rt. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h, quenched withsat. NaHCO₃ and diluted with 10 mL EtOAc. The aqueous layer wasseparated and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organics weredried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crudehemi-ketal enal (44 in Reaction Scheme 11, which provides the compoundnumber references for the remainder of the present example) as acolorless oil. The crude product was purified by column chromatographyon silica gel with 35% EtOAc-hexanes as eluant affording 6 mg (86%) ofenal 44. R_(f) (35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.15; IR 3528, 2930, 2858, 1745,1720, 1686, 1458, 1437, 1380 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.87 (3H,t, J=6.9 Hz), 1.13 (3H, s), 1.15 (3H, s), 1.28 (10H, m), 1.52 (2H, m),1.71 (2H, m), 2.12 (2H, m), 2.35 (1H, t, J=14.1 Hz), 2.60 (1H, d, J=3.6Hz), 3.41 (3H, s), 3.45 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.82 (1H, s), 4.24 (1H,m), 4.56 (2H, ABq, J=11.0 Hz), 5.47 (1H, s), 5.86 (1H, s), 5.91 (1H, dd,J=15.9, 7.4 Hz), 7.28 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz), 7.35 (5H, s), 9.52 (1H, d,J=7.4 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.9, 14.1, 19.4, 20.0, 22.7, 23.0,24.4, 24.6, 29.1, 29.1, 29.4, 29.4, 29.6, 29.7, 31.2, 31.4, 31.9, 32.4,34.6, 36.0, 40.0, 42.6, 42.9, 45.0, 51.1, 64.5, 66.3, 68.7, 70.4, 73.7,74.1, 75.8, 76.1, 77.2, 78.7, 94.0, 98.9, 102.4, 119.7, 125.7, 142.8,151.8, 167.0, 172.1, 172.5, 194.7.

Carboxylic acid 6 (6 mg, 0.01 mmol) and Et₃N (6 μL, 0.04 mmol) weredissolved in 300 μL toluene and treated with2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride (2.0 μL, 0.01 mmol) dropwise at rt. After1 h at rt, a toluene solution of freshly prepared enal 44 and4-dimethylaminopyridine (5 mg, 0.04 mmol) was added gradually andstirring was continued for 40 min. The crude mixture was pipetteddirectly onto a column of silica gel and the product eluted with 20%EtOAc/hexanes to provide ester-enal 46 as a colorless oil (9 mg, 90%).R_(f) (35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.71; IR 3487, 2927, 2856, 1723, 1689, 1455,1379, 1228, 1156, 1113, 1084, 1032, 981 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ0.80 (1H, t, J=12.7 Hz), 0.93 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 0.98 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz),1.10-1.41 (24H, m), 1.42-1.85 (21H, m), 1.92-2.13 (6H, m), 2.39 (1H, t,J=12.7 Hz), 2.81 (1H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 2.93 (1H, m), 3.05 (1H, m), 3.29(3H, s), 3.33 (1H, s), 3.37-3.48 (2H, m), 3.80 (1H, dd, J=11.4, 5.1 Hz),3.95-4.05 (2H, m), 4.15 (1H, td, J=10.8, 0.9 Hz), 4.23 (1H, d, J=13.5Hz), 4.46 (2H, ABq, J=11.0 Hz), 5.57 (1H, s), 5.64 (1H, dd, J=10.6, 4.6Hz), 6.05 (1H, dd, J=15.9, 7.5 Hz), 6.39 (1H, s), 7.10-7.35 (5H, m),7.45 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz), 9.60 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃)δ −9.6, −9.4, 9.2, 10.3, 13.2, 14.1, 15.1, 19.3, 20.1, 21.3, 22.3, 22.4,22.7, 23.8, 24.0, 24.6, 24.6, 29.0, 29.0, 29.3, 31.3, 31.6, 31.8, 34.2,34.5, 35.2, 35.7, 36.2, 37.6, 43.5, 45.7, 51.6, 59.1, 64.9, 66.7, 71.1,72.0, 72.9, 74.1, 75.3, 77.1, 100.2, 100.6, 121.2, 127.2, 127.3, 127.9,128.6, 138.9, 151.2, 164.5, 166.3, 171.5, 175.1, 193.2; [α]²⁰ _(D)=−19°(c 1.5, CH₂Cl₂).

To ester-enal 46 (8.0 mg, 0.001 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added 70%HF/pyridine (0.3 mL, 0.3 mmol) and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction wasthen quenched with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. Thebiphasic mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (×4) and the combinedorganics were dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed invacuo to provide crude macrocycle. The crude mixture was chromatographedon silica gel and the product was eluted with 50% EtOAc/hexanes toafford 5.0 mg (83%) of the corresponding macrocycle as an clear oil.:R_(f) (40% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.19; IR 3522, 2927, 2857, 1724, 1664, 1230,1158, 1136, 1107, 979 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.84 (3H, t, J=5.4Hz), 0.88-0.96 (5H, m), 1.00 (3H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 1.02-1.55 (27H, m),1.63-1.81 (2H, m), 1.82-1.94 (2H, m), 2.03 (1H, br t, J=5.2 Hz),2.19-2.27 (1H, m), 2.34 (1H, dt, J=9, 1.5 Hz), 2.94-3.01 (2H, m), 3.22(1H, s), 3.58 (1H, br d, J=3.6 Hz), 3.68-3.74 (1H, m), 3.84-3.88 (1H,m), 3.94 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 3.1 Hz), 4.23 (1H, dd, J=10.4, 1.7 Hz), 4.31(1H, br t, J=8.1 Hz), 4.56 (2H, ABq, J=11.0 Hz), 5.36-5.41 (1H, m), 5.50(1H, s), 5.61 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 6.00 (1H, dd, J=12.0, 5.4 Hz), 6.36(1H, s), 6.53 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δδ 14.1,19.4, 20.0, 22.7, 23.0, 24.4, 24.6, 29.1, 29.1, 29.4, 29.4, 29.6, 29.7,31.2, 31.4, 31.9, 32.4, 34.6, 36.0, 40.0, 42.6, 42.9, 45.0, 51.1, 64.5,66.3, 68.7, 70.4, 73.7, 74.1, 75.8, 76.1, 77.2, 78.7, 94.0, 98.9, 102.4,119.7, 125.7, 142.8, 151.8, 167.0, 172.1, 172.5.

To 5.0 mg (0.0005 mmol) of crude macrocycle of the preceding step inethyl acetate (1.0 ml) was added a catalytic amount of Pearlman'scatalyst. The flask was evacuated and refilled with a 1 atm. hydrogenatmosphere (×4), stirred under hydrogen for 30 min, and then pipetteddirectly onto a silica gel column and eluted with 60% ethylacetate/hexanes. This process afforded 4.8 mg (99%) of analogue 48(702.4) (Formula II where R³ is OH, R²⁰ is —O—CO—C₁₃H₂₇, R²¹ is═CH—CO₂Me, R²⁶ is methyl and X is oxygen) as an amorphous solid. R_(f)(50% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.16; IR 3522, 2927, 2857, 1724, 1664, 1230 IR(neat)=3455, 3319, 2929, 2856, 1735, 1380, 1230, 1138, 976 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.37 (3H, bs), 0.79-0.92 (14H, m), 1.06 (3H, d, J=6.4Hz), 1.07 (1H, t, J=11.0 Hz), 1.10-1.25 (5H, m), 1.27 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H,s), 1.57-1.78 (4H, m), 2.03 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.17 (1H, dd, J=9.9/0.5Hz), 2.37 (1H, m), 2.40 (1H, m), 2.85 (1H, t, J=11.2 Hz), 2.96 (1H, t,J=10.8 Hz), 3.15 (3H, s), 3.68-3.72 (3H, m), 3.91 (1H, dd, J=11.2, 4.0Hz), 4.13 (1H, t, J=9.7 Hz), 4.35 (1H, dd, J=13.9/2.2 Hz), 4.48 (1H, td,J=11.0, 2.8 Hz), 4.70 (1H, d, J=12.1 Hz), 5.44 (1H, quint., J=4.8 Hz),5.54 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 5.69 (1H, s), 5.76 (1H, s), 5.85 (1H, dd,J=16.1, 7.5 Hz), 6.40 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz), 6.50 (1H, d, J=15.9 Hz); ¹³CNMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.1, 19.4, 20.0, 22.7, 23.0, 24.4, 24.6, 29.1,29.1, 29.4, 29.4, 29.6, 29.7, 31.2, 31.4, 31.9, 32.4, 34.6, 36.0, 40.0,42.6, 42.9, 45.0, 51.1, 64.5, 66.3, 68.7, 70.4, 73.7, 74.1, 75.8, 76.1,77.2, 78.7, 94.0, 98.9, 102.4, 119.7, 125.7, 142.8, 151.8, 167.0, 172.1,172.5.

4D. Benzoate C20 Ester (702.5)

Enal 45 was prepared following the procedure for compound III in Example1C except that benzoic acid was substituted for octanoic acid, to formthe corresponding protected benzoate product.

Carboxylic acid 6 (6 mg, 0.01 mmol) and Et₃N (6 μL, 0.04 mmol) weredissolved in 300 μL toluene and treated with2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride (2 μL, 0.01 mmol) dropwise at rt. After 1h at rt, a toluene solution of freshly prepared 45 and4-dimethylaminopyridine (5 mg, 0.01 mmol) was added gradually andstirring was continued for 40 min. The crude mixture was pipetteddirectly onto a column of silica gel and the product eluted with 20%EtOAc/hexanes to provide the expected ester product as a colorless oil(8 mg, 89%). R_(f) (35% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.71; IR 3460, 2927, 2856, 1723cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.08 3H, s), 0.08 (3H, s), 0.81 (12H,m), 0.82-0.96 (3H, m), 1.06-1.32 (15H, m), 1.59-1.81 (4H, m), 2.20 (1H,t, J=9.3 Hz), 3.33-3.44 (2H, m), 3.67-3.84 (1H, m), 4.00-4.15 (4H, m),4.31-4.39 (1H, m), 4.55 (2H, ABq, J=8.5 Hz), 5.41 (1H, s), 5.75 (1H, dd,J=15.5, 3.4 Hz), 6.01 (1H, s), 6.39 (1H, s), 7.28-7.47 (9H, m), 7.84(1H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 9.17 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ−9.6, 9.4, 9.2, 10.3, 13.2, 14.2, 18.5, 22.0, 23.5, 28.4, 28.7, 30.7,31.5, 33.5, 39.1, 41.5, 41.9, 44.0, 50.1, 63.7, 65.3, 67.8, 69.6, 70.3,73.8, 74.8, 75.1, 76.2, 77.7, 98.1, 101.3, 118.8, 124.7, 126.7, 127.4,127.5, 128.9, 132.2, 137.3, 141.8, 150.8, 163.6, 165.9, 170.2.

To the ester of the preceding step (13 mg, 0.02 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL)was added pyridine (360 μL, 0.45 mmol) followed by 70% HF/pyridine (144μL, 500 mol % excess) with stirring for 20 hours. The reaction was thenquenched with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. The biphasicmixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (×4) and the combined organicswere dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed in vacuo toprovide the corresponding crude C3 hydroxyester. The crude mixture waspipetted directly onto a column of silica gel and the product elutedwith 35% EtOAc/hexanes to provide the purified C3 hydroxyester as acolorless oil (9 mg, 82%). R_(f) (40% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.19; IR 3522,2927, 2857, 1724 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) 0.81-0.91 (3H, m), 1.08(3H, s), 1.20-1.59 (9H, m), 1.31 (6H, s), 1.92-2.18 (4H, m), 2.45 (2H,bs), 3.40-3.58 (2H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.69-3.78 (2H, m), 3.88-3.98 (2H,m) 4.03-4.24 (3H, m), 4.45 (1H, d, J=9.2 Hz), 4.65 (2H, ABq, J=8.5 Hz),5.17 (1H, d, J=9.7 Hz), 5.22 (1H, s), 5.40 (1H, s), 5.44 (1H, dd,J=15.5, 7.3 Hz), 6.06 (1H, s), 6.08 (1H, d, J=15.5 Hz), 7.27-7.59 (9H,m), 8.05 (1H, d, J=6.9 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.2, 18.5, 22.0,23.5, 28.4, 28.7, 30.7, 31.5, 33.5, 39.1, 41.5, 41.9, 44.0, 50.1, 63.7,65.3, 67.8, 69.6, 70.3, 73.8, 74.8, 75.1, 76.2, 77.7, 98.1, 101.3,118.8, 124.7, 126.7, 127.4, 127.5, 128.9, 132.2, 137.3, 141.8, 150.8,163.6, 165.9, 170.2; [α]²⁰ _(D)-11.5° (c 0.9, CDCl₃).

To 4.0 mg (0.001 mmol) of the crude C3 hydroxyester of the precedingstep in ethyl acetate (1.0 ml) was added a catalytic amount ofPearlman's catalyst. The flask was evacuated and refilled with a 1 atm.hydrogen atmosphere (×4). Stirred under hydrogen for 30 min and thenpipetted directly onto a silica gel column and eluted with 60% ethylacetate/hexanes. HPLC (hexane: methylene chloride: i-propanol, 16:3:1)Isolated 2.2 mg (63%) of analogue 49 (702.5) (Formula II where R³ is OH,R²⁰ is —O—CO-Ph, R²¹ is ═CH—CO₂Me, R²⁶ is methyl and X is oxygen) as anamorphous solid. R_(f) (50% EtOAc/hexanes)=0.16; IR 3522, 2927, 2857,1724, 1664, 1230 IR (neat)=3455, 3319, 2929, 2856, 1735, 1380, 1230,1138, 976 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.81-0.92 (3H, m), 1.08 (3H,s), 1.20-1.59 (9H, m), 1.32 (6H, s), 1.90-2.18 (4H, m), 2.52-2.56 (2H,m), 3.40-3.55 (2H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.73-3.79 (2H, m), 3.82-3.95 (2H,m) 4.02-4.22 (2H, m), 4.51 (1H, d, J=9.1 Hz), 5.11 (1H, d, J=8.9 Hz),5.26 (1H, s), 5.40 (1H, s), 5.42 (1H, dd, J=15.5, 3.4 Hz), 6.04 (1H, d,J=15.5 Hz), 6.07 (1H, s), 7.34-7.57 (4H, m), 8.04 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz); ¹³CNMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.1, 18.4, 18.9, 21.7, 23.5, 28.7, 30.6, 31.4,35.0, 39.1, 41.6, 50.1, 63.6, 67.7, 69.2, 72.6, 76.1, 77.7, 93.0, 99.2,113.0, 124.7, 127.2, 127.5, 128.9, 132.2, 146.3, 148.1, 149.9, 150.6,171.4, 173.2; [α]²⁵ _(D)=−7.0° (c=0.36, CDCl₃).

Example 5 Protein Kinase C (Isozyme Mix) Assay Protocol

The following procedure was used, based on a modification of a previousprocedure described by Tanaka et al. (1986). Filters (Whatman GF-B, 21mm diam.) are soaked for 1 h in a solution containing deionized water(97 mL), and 10% polyethyleneamine (3 mL). A filtering buffer solutioncontaining TRIS (1M, pH 7.4, 10 mL) and water (490 mL) is prepared andcooled on ice. An assay buffer solution is prepared by the addition ofTRIS (1M, pH 7.4, 1 mL), KCl (1M, 2 mL), CaCl₂ (0.1M, 30 μL), bovineserum albumin (40 mg), diluted to 20 mL with deionized water and storedon ice. Phosphatidyl serine vesicles are prepared by the addition ofphosphatidyl serine (10 mg/mL in chloroform, 0.4 mL) to a glass testtube followed by removal of the chloroform under a stream of nitrogen (5min) To this viscous liquid is added a portion of the prepared assaybuffer (4 mL) and the resulting mixture is then transferred to a plastictube with washing. This tube is then sonicated (Branson Sonifier 250,power=6, 40% duty cycle) four times for 30 sec. with a 30 sec. restperiod between sonications. The resulting solution is stored over ice.PKC is prepared by addition of cooled assay buffer (10 mL) to PKC (25μL) purified from rat brain by the method of Mochly-Rosen and Koshland(1986) and then stored on ice. Stock solutions of compounds are dilutedwith absolute ethanol in glass in serial fashion. Each plastic assayincubation tube is made to contain prepared phosphatidyl serine vesicles(60 μL), prepared PKC solution (200 μL) and analogue (0-20 μL) plus EtOH(20-0 μL) for a total volume of 20 μL). Lastly, tritiated phorbol12,13-dibutyrate (PDBU) (30 nM, 20 μL) is added to each tube. The assayis carried out using 7-10 analogue concentrations, each in triplicate.Non-specific binding is measured in 1-3 tubes by the substitution ofphorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (1 mM, 5 μL) and EtOH (15 μL) for theanalogue/EtOH combination. The tubes are incubated at 37° C. for 90 min.and then put on ice for 5 min. Each tube is then filtered separatelythrough a pre-soaked filter disc. Each tube is rinsed with cold 20 mMTRIS buffer (500 μL) and the rinseate is added to the filter. The filteris subsequently rinsed with cold 20 mM TRIS buffer (5 mL) dropwise. Thefilters are then put in separate scintillation vials and Universol©scintillation fluid is added (3 mL). The filters are immediately countedin a scintillation counter (Beckman LS 6000SC). Counts per minute areaveraged among three trials at each concentration. The data is thenplotted using a least squares fit algorithm with the Macintosh versionof Kaleidagraph© (Abelbeck Software) and an IC₅₀ (defined as theconcentration of analogue required to displace half of the specific PDBUbinding to PKC) is calculated. The IC₅₀ then allows determination of theK₁ for the analogue from the equation: K_(i)=IC₅₀/(1+[PDBu]/K_(d) ofPDBu). The K_(d) of [H³]-PDBu was determined under identical conditionsto be 1.55 nM.

Example 6 PKCδ-C1B Assay Protocol

All aspects of the PKCδ-C1B assay are identical to the PKC isozyme mixassay from Example 5 except the following features: In the PKCδ-C1Bassay system, assay buffer is made without CaCl₂. PKCδ-C1B (200 μg,34.14 nmol), prepared by the method of Wender et al. (1995) and Irie etal. (1998) is dissolved in deionized water (160 μL) and ZnCl₂ (5 mM, 40μL) is added. The resulting solution is allowed to stand at 4° C. for 10min. An aliquot (10 μL) of this solution is diluted to 2 mL withdeionized water. An aliquot (290 μL) is further diluted to 20 mL withassay buffer and is ready for use. The incubation time is shortened from90 min. to 30 min. Lastly, during the filtering portion of the assay,the tube is not washed with filtering buffer (0.5 mL).

When tested as described above, the C26 desmethyl analogue 702.1(Example 3A), had significantly higher activity than the correspondingC26 methyl-containing analogue (Formula 1998a where R³ is OH).Similarly, among several analogues having different C20 ester groups,the presence of longer R²⁰ substituents (48) or an aryl substituent (49)also afforded higher activity. The results are shown below in Table 1(in all compounds tested, R³ was OH and R²¹ was ═CH—CO₂Me).

TABLE 1 PKCδ-C1B Assay Compound R²⁰ R²⁶ Ki (nM) Phorbol dibutyrate 1.7(K_(d) value) Formula 1998a —OC(O)C₇H₁₅ CH₃ 5.1 Formula IIa (702.1)—OC(O)C₇H₁₅ H 0.30 ± 0.07 Formula 702.2 —OC(O)CH₃ CH₃ 232 ± 11  Formula702.3 —OC(O)C₆H₁₃ CH₃ 35 Formula 702.4 —OC(O)C₁₃H₂₇ CH₃ 1.3 Formula702.5 —OC(O)Phenyl CH₃ 1.7

Example 7 P388 Murine Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Assay

Cells from a P388 cell line (CellGate, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.) aregrown in RPMI 1640 cell medium containing fetal calf serum (10%),L-glutamine, penicillin, streptomycin and are split twice weekly. Allcompounds are first diluted with DMSO. Later serial dilutions are donewith a phosphate buffer solution (HYQ DPBS modified phosphate bufferedsaline). All dilutions are done in glass vials and the final DMSOconcentration is always below 0.5% by volume. Final two-fold dilutionsare done in a 96 well plate using cell media so that each well contains50 μL. All compounds are assayed in quadruplicate over 12concentrations. Cell concentration is measured using a hemacytometer andthe final cell concentration is adjusted to 1×10⁴ cells/mL with cellmedium. The resulting solution of cells (50 μL) is then added to eachwell and the plates are incubated for 5 days in a 37° C., 5% CO₂,humidified incubator (Sanyo CO₂ incubator). MTT solution(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, 10 μL) isthen added to each well and the plates are re-incubated under identicalconditions for 2 h. To each well is then added acidified isopropanol(150 μL of i-PrOH solution containing 0.05 N HCl) and mixed thoroughly.The plates are then scanned at 595 nm and the absorbances are read(Wallac Victor 1420 Multilabel Counter). The resulting data is thenanalyzed to determine an ED₅₀ value using the Prism software package(GraphPad).

When tested as described above, the C26 desmethyl analogue 702.1(Example 3A), had significantly higher activity than the correspondingC26 methyl-containing analogue Similarly, among several analogues havingdifferent C20 ester groups, the presence of longer R²⁰ substituents (48)or an aryl substituent (49) also afforded higher activity. The resultsare shown below in Table 2 (in all compounds tested, R³ was OH and R²¹was ═CH—CO₂Me).

TABLE 2 P388 Assay Compound R²⁰ R²⁶ ED₅₀ (nM) Formula 1998a —OC(O)C₇H₁₅CH₃ 76 Formula IIa (702.1) —OC(O)C₇H₁₅ H 17 Formula 702.2 —OC(O)CH₃ CH₃181 Formula 702.3 —OC(O)C₆H₁₃ CH₃ 38 Formula 702.4 —OC(O)C₁₃H₂₇ CH₃ 3.6Formula 702.5 —OC(O)Phenyl CH₃ 42

Example 8 In Vitro Inhibition of Growth in Human Cancer Cell Lines

Anticancer data were obtained in vitro for C26 desmethyl bryostatinanalogue 702.1 (Example 3A) tested against a spectrum of different NCIhuman cancer cell-lines associated with various cancer conditions. Theresults are shown in Table 3. Data obtained with Bryostatin-1 areincluded for comparison. Growth inhibition (GI50) values are expressedas the log of molar concentration at half-maximum inhibition. As can beseen, the C26 desmethyl compound was at least as potent, on average, asbryostatin-1 for all cell groups tested. Moreover, the C26 desmethylcompound was more active than bryostatin-1 by more than 2 orders ofmagnitude for several cell lines: K-562 and MOLT-4 (leukemia), NCI-H460(NSC lung), HCC-2998 (colon), TK-10 (renal), and MDA-MB-435 (breast).These results are significant and surprising since the C27 methyl groupattached to C26 was previously believed to be necessary for activity.

TABLE 3 Cell Line: desmethyl Bryo-1 Difference Leukemia CCRF-CEM −5.81−5.30 −0.51 HL-60(TB) −5.84 −5.70 −0.14 K-562 −7.5 −5.40 −2.10 MOLT-4<−8.0 −5.50 −2.50 RPMI-8226 −5.82 >−5 −0.82 SR −5.1 >−5 −0.10 NSC LungA549/ATCC −6.62 −5.20 −1.42 EKVX −5.58 −5.30 −0.28 HOP-62 −4.79 >−5HOP-92 −4.67 −5.30 0.63 NCI-H226 >−5 NCI-H23 >−5 NCI-H322M −4.38 −6.001.62 NCI-H460 <−8 −5.60 −2.40 NCI-H522 >−5 Colon COLO 205 −7.08 −5.40−1.68 HCC-2998 −7.54 −5.30 −2.24 HCT-116 −5.32 −5.30 −0.02 HCT-15−4.76 >−5 HT29 −5.55 −5.30 −0.25 KM12 −5.34 −5.20 −0.14 SW-620 −5.12−5.50 0.38 CNS SF-268 −4.97 −5.10 0.13 SF-295 −6.05 −5.20 −0.85 SF-539−5.77 >−5 −0.77 SNB-19 −5.2 >−5 −0.20 SNB-75 −4.97 −5.50 0.53 U251 −5.4−5.10 −0.30 Prostate PC-3 −5.6 −5.30 −0.30 DU-145 −5.02 >−5 −0.02Melanoma LOX IMVI −5.47 −5.10 −0.37 MALME-3M −5.20 MI4 −5.26 >−5 −0.26SK-MEL-2 −5.02 −5.20 0.18 SK-MEL-28 −4.67 −5.10 0.43 SK-MEL-5 −6.43−5.70 −0.73 UACC-257 −5.13 −5.10 −0.03 UACC-62 −5.11 −5.30 0.19 OvarianIGROVI −4.88 −5.30 0.42 OVCAR-3 −4.83 −5.10 0.27 OVCAR-4 −5.15 −5.500.35 OVCAR-5 −5.28 >−5 −0.28 OVCAR-8 −4.77 −5.10 0.33 SK-OV-3 −4.3 −5.100.80 Renal 786-0 −5.46 −5.20 −0.26 A498 −6.38 >−5 −1.38 ACHN −5.94 −5.50−0.44 CAKI-1 −5.7 −5.40 −0.30 RXF-393 −5.30 SN12C −5.59 −5.10 −0.49TK-10 −7.03 >−5 −2.03 UO-31 −4.85 −5.60 0.75 Breast MCF7 −5.4 −5.20−0.20 NCI/ADR-RES −4.74 >−5 MDA-MB-231/ATCC −5.69 −5.20 −0.49 MDA-MB-435−7.66 −5.10 −2.56 MDA-N −5.10 BT-549 −4.71 −5.10 0.39 T-47D −5.02 −5.200.18 HS 578T −5.18 −5.2 0.02

Example 9 Formula 405 Where X is —O—

In an oven dried argon purged 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with amagnetic stir bar was added a solution of 482 mg (1.49 mmol, 1.0 eq) ofthe compound of Formula 404.1 in 31 mL of isobutylvinyl ether. 237 mg(0.744 mmol, 0.5 eq) of Hg(II) diacetate was added in one portion atroom temperature [rt]. The reaction was run at rt for 48 hrs. Thereaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ and brine.The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered andconcentrated. Rapid flash chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate, 85%petroleum ether plus 1% triethyl amine yielded crude vinylated pyran.This was carried on immediately.

In an oven-dried argon-purged 250 mL round-bottom flask charged with amagnetic stir bar was added a solution of 480 mg (1.37 mmol, 1.0 eq) ofthe vinylated pyran in 26 mL of degassed, (via bubbling argon gasthrough), 99%+anhydrous decane (Aldrich). The reaction vessel waslowered into a preheated 155° C. oil bath. The reaction was heated for 3hrs at this temperature under an argon atmosphere. It was then removedfrom the oil bath and cooled to rt. It was allowed to sit overnightunder an argon atmosphere. The whole reaction was loaded onto a columnusing petroleum ether to assist in the transfer. The column was theneluted with 10% ethyl acetate 90% petroleum ether, to yield 431 mg (83%over two steps) of the title compound of Formula 405,[6-(7-isopropyl-10-methyl-1,5-dioxa-spiro[5.5]undec-2-ylmethyl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-acetaldehyde,as a clear colorless oil.

Example 10

Procedure:

6.38 g of freshly distilled diisopropyl amine was combined with 100 mlof dry THF and cooled to −78° C. 40.7 mL of 1.55 M n-BuLi in Hexanes wasthen added slowly. After 10 minutes at −78° C., the solution was warmedto 0° C. for 15 minutes then re-cooled to −78° C. To this solution oflithium diisopropylamide [LDA] at −78° C. was added 5 g oftert-butylacetoacetate slowly. After 10 minutes at −78° C., the solutionwas warmed to 0° C. for 40 minutes. The bright yellow solution ofdianion was then cooled to −78° C. and 2.97 g of diethylglutarate wasadded in 5 mL of dry THF in one portion. After 30 minutes at −78° C.,the reaction was quenched by the addition of 140 mL of 1 N HCl in water.The reaction was then partitioned between the aqueous layer and 200 mLof ether. The ether was removed in vacuo and the residue purified viaflash chromatography (25% Ether:Pentane—R_(f)=0.3) to give 65% product.

Procedure:

A 2-neck flask with 2 gas flow adaptors was charged with 21 mg ofCOD-RuBis-2-methylallyl complex and 50 mg of (S)-BINAP. To this wasadded 4 mL of degassed acetone (Argon purge for 20 min.) and 12 mg ofHBr (24 μL of 49% soln) in 0.4 mL degassed MeOH (as above). The solutionbecame red-orange with a red precipitate. After 30 minutes, the solventswere carefully remove in vacuo (air sensitive!) to yield a tan powderthat was used directly. To the crude (S)-BINAP-RuBr₂ was added 1 g of3,5-dioxo-nonanedioic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 9-ethyl ester in 10 mLEtOH. The solution was stirred rapidly and the suspension transferred toa Parr Bomb apparatus under Argon blanket. The bomb was sealed andpressurized to 20 atmospheres for 3 cycles then left at 20 atmospheresand heated to 75° C. with stirring. After 6 hours, the reaction appearedcomplete by TLC and the product isolated by Flash Chromatography (Rf=0.2in 1:1 Ethyl Acetate:Pentane) to yield 442 mg of product that wasrecrystallized in Ethyl Acetate:Pentane to yield 320 mg product.

Procedure:

126 mg of 3,5-dihydroxy-nonanedioic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 9-ethylester was dissolved in 16 mL of dry toluene then cooled to −10° C. in anacetone/ice bath. To this was added 4 mg of Tosic Acid. After 8 hours at−10° C., the S.M. appeared consumed. The reaction was quenched withsaturated sodium bicarbonate solution and partitioned between ethylacetate and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The ethyl acetate wasremoved in vacuo and the residue purified via flash chromatography (1:1Ethyl Acetate:Pentane->1.5:1 Ethyl Acetate:Pentane Rf=0.3 in 1.5:1E.A.:Pentane). Yield=75%

Procedure:

29 mg of 3-hydroxy-4-(6-oxo-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yl)-butyric acidtert-butyl ester was dissolved in 3 mL of dichloromethane and cooled to0° C. To this was added 24 mg of dry 2,6-lutidine. 60 mg of TBS triflatewas added followed by 50 mg of DMAP. The solution was allowed to warm tor.t. and stirred overnight. The reaction was then partitioned betweenethyl acetate and saturated bicarbonate solution. The ethyl acetate wasremoved in vacuo and the residue purified via flash chromatography (15%ethyl acetate:pentane Rf=0.3) to yield the TBS ether in 72% yield.

Procedure:

To 190 mg of NaH (95%) in 80 mL of dry THF was added 1.05 g of ethylacetoacetate in 15 mL of dry THF at 0° C. After 10 minutes, 5.4 mL of1.5 M n-BuLi in Hexanes was added. After 10 additional minutes, 1% ofthe solution (˜1 mL) was taken and cooled to −78° C. in a dry flask. Tothis was added 15 mg of3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-4-(6-oxo-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yl)-butyricacid tert-butyl ester in 1 mL of dry THF. After 30 minutes, the reactionwas quenched with 1N HCl and partitioned into ethyl acetate. The ethylacetate was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by flashchromatography (30% ethyl acetate:pentane Rf=streak˜0.3).

Procedure:

5 mg of3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-4-[6-(3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-oxo-propyl)-6-hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran-2-A-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was dissolved in 1 mL of dichloromethane andcooled to −78° C. To this was added 100 μL of TES and 50 μL of TFA. Thesolution was allowed to slowly warm to 0° C., at which time a lowerslightly lower Rf spot cleanly formed (Rf=0.2 in 30% E.A.:Pentane). Thereaction was quenched with saturated bicarbonate solution and extractedinto ethyl acetate. The product was then purified via flashchromatography to yield the syn tetrahydropyran in 90% without the TBSether.

Example 11

Compound and synthetic step references in this example correspond to thefollowing two schemes (as opposed to the reaction schemes and formulanumbers employed previously in the specification).

To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (16.82 ml, 120 mmol) in THF(50 ml) was added n-butyllithium (48 ml, 2.5 M in hexane) dropwise at−78° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, cooled again to−78° C., and treated with methyl isobutyrate (22.5 ml, 109 mmol) slowlyover 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours at −78° C.and 1 hour at −40° C. After addition of allyl bromide (11.8 ml, 135mmol) dissolved in THF (25 ml) the mixture was allowed to warm up toroom temperature [rt]overnight. The solution was evaporated withoutaqueous workup. The formed solid LiBr was removed by chromatographicfiltration on silica gel with ether/pentane (1:1). Fractionaldistillation gave 5 (12.77 g, 90%) at bp=135→150° C. as colorlessliquid.

To a stirred solution of 5 (14.22 g, 101 mmol) in CCl₄ (80 ml) was addedN-bromosuccinimide (20 g, 112 mmol) and dibenzoylperoxide (80 mg, 0.33mmol) in a single portion. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for2 hours using an preheated oil bath (105° C.). After cooling to rt, themixture was filtered and the residue was washed with CCl₄. The solventwas removed in vacuo and the crude material purified using flashchromatography on silica gel with EtOAc/hexane (9/1) yielding thedesired allylic bromide 26 (8.34 g, 74%) as yellow oil.

To a suspension of sodium hydride (1.83 g, 45.8 mmol; 60% in mineraloil) in 100 ml anhydrous THF was added a solution of p-methoxybenzylalcohol (5.75 g, 41.6 mmol) in THF (25 ml) slowly over 15 minutesat 0° C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 minutes before a solutionof the previously prepared allylic bromide (2.3 g, 10.4 mmol) in 30 mlTHF was added over 15 min. The reaction mixture was warmed to 35° C. for6 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and quenched with water carefully.The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (2×), then neutralized with 2NHCl, and again extracted with EtOAc (4×). The combined organic layerswere dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of theresidue on silica gel (EtOAc/hexane 33%—80%) afforded 6b (2.03 g, 74%)as yellow oil.

Alternatively the reaction can be quenched with saturated NH₄Clsolution. The aqueous layer was then extracted with Et₂O (3×) and thecombined layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Theresulting oil was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc 20%) toprovide a mixture of 6a & 6b, the methyl and p-methoxybenzyl esters.

To a stirred solution of acid 6c (133 mg, 0.5 mmol) in anhydrous Et₂O (6ml) and cooled to 0° C., was added sodium hydride (240 mg, 6.0 mmol; 60%in mineral oil) in a single portion. The mixture was stirred for 30minutes at 0° C. and then oxalyl chloride (0.26 ml, 3.0 mmol) was addedin a single portion. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt andstirring was continued for 2 h. The mixture was then concentrated invacuo and the resulting oil used without further purification.

To a stirred solution of methyl and p-methoxybenzyl esters 6a and 6b(6.56 g, 23.55 mmol) in THF (20 ml), was added N,O-dimethylhydroxylaminehydrochloride (3.68 g, 37.7 mmol), followed by dropwise addition ofphenylmagnesium bromide (2M in THF, 18.25 ml, 36.5 mmol) at −20° C. Tothe reaction mixture was subsequently added phenylmagnesium bromide(18.25 ml, 36.5 mmol) over 45 min. Stirring was continued for 1 hour at−10° C. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH₄Cl and diluted withEt₂O. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×) and the combinedorganics were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The resultingoil was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1/3) to provideWeinreb amide 8 (6.54 g, 90%) as colorless oil.

A solution of Weinreb amide 8 (5.82 g, 18.1 mmol) in THF (100 ml) wascooled to −78° C. then treated with methyllithium (1.4 M in Et₂O, 17.47ml, 24.5 mmol). Stirring was continued for 1 hour at −78° C., and thereaction was quenched with saturated NH₄Cl, and diluted with Et₂O. Theaqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×) and the combined organicswere dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting oil waspurified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1/4) to provide methylketone 9 (4.89 g, 99%) as a colorless oil.

To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (0.21 ml, 1.5 mmol) in THF (3ml) was added n-butyllithium (0.93 ml, 1.6 M in hexane) dropwise at −78°C. The mixture was allowed to warm to 0° C. and stirred for 30 min, thencooled again to −78° C., and a solution of acetone (0.11 ml, 1.5 mmol)in THF (1 ml) was added dropwise. The acetone used was dried over 4 Åmolecular sieves for several days and was dried again over 4 Å molecularsieves in THF solution immediately prior to use. After stirring for 20minutes, the mixture was treated with a solution of acid chloride 7 (0.5mmol) in 2 ml THF and stirring was continued at −78° C. for 1 h. Thereaction was quenched with saturated NH₄Cl and warmed up to rt anddiluted with Et₂O. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×) andthe combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated invacuo. Purification of the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel(EtOAc/hexane 1/2) yielded β-diketone 11 (117 mg, 77%) as an orange oil.

To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (0.21 ml, 1.5 mmol) in THF (3ml) was added n-butyllithium (0.93 ml, 1.6 M in hexane) dropwise at −78°C. The mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 30 minutes, thencooled again to −78° C., and treated with a solution of acetone (0.11ml, 1.5 mmol) in THF (1 ml). The acetone used was dried over 4 Åmolecular sieves for several days and was dried again over 4 Å molecularsieves in THF solution immediately prior to use. After recooling to −78°C. and stirring for 20 minutes, aldehyde 10 (164 mg, 0.5 mmol) was addeddropwise and stirring was continued for 15 minutes. The reaction wasquenched by addition of saturated NH₄Cl and the mixture was warmed to rtand diluted with Et₂O. The mixture was diluted with Et₂O and the layersseparated. The aqueous layer was then extracted with EtOAc (3×). Thecombined organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, andconcentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/hexane1/2) provided 12 (169 mg, 87%). The diastereoselectivity was determinedto be 81%, favoring the desired isomer, after coupling with acidchloride 7 and cyclization to pyranone 14.

From 11: To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (1.19 ml, 8.48 mmol)in THF (13 ml) was added n-butyllithium (4.08 ml, 8.16 mmol, 2.0 M inhexane) dropwise at −78° C. The mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirredfor 30 minutes, then a solution of (3-diketone 11 (2.30 g, 8.77 mmol) inTHF (13 ml) was added slowly over 10 minutes. After stirring for 1 hourat 0° C., the mixture was cooled to −78° C. and aldehyde 2 (1.21 g, 3.69mmol) was added in a single portion. Stirring was continued for 30minutes at −78° C. and the reaction mixture was then quenched withsaturated NH₄Cl solution, allowed to warm to rt, and diluted with Et₂O.The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×) and the combined organics weredried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography onsilica gel (EtOAc/hexane 1/2) afforded the aldol 13 (1.51 g, 65%) as aorange oil. The ratio of the two diastereomers was determined aftercyclization to pyranone 7, and was 1.45:1 favoring the desired isomer.

From 12: To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (0.46 μL, 0.204 mmol)in THF (0.5 ml) was added n-butyllithium (0.128 ml, 0.204 mmol, 1.6M inhexanes) dropwise at −78° C. The mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirredfor 30 min, then cooled again to −78° C., and treated with a solution ofβ-hydroxy ketone 12 (42.0 mg, 0.0662 mmol) in THF, (1 ml) dropwise.After stirring for 20 minutes at −78° C. the mixture was treated with asolution of acid chloride 7 (0.5 ml, ˜0.20 mmol, prepared from 0.5 mmolacid 6c dissolved in 1 ml THF) and stirring was continued at −78° C. for30 min. The reaction was quenched with H₂O, warmed up to rt by stirringvigorously for 30 min, and diluted with Et₂O. The aqueous layer wasextracted with EtOAc (3×) and the combined organic layers were driedover MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue byflash chromatography yielded 13 (41.9 mg, 61%).

From 28: To distilled pyridine (1.3 ml, 16.8 mmol) in a high densitypolyethylene (HDPE) vial at −78° C. was added dropwise over 10 minutes asolution of 70% HF•pyridine (0.5 ml, ˜17.5 mmol HF, ˜4.4 mmol pyridine)to form a nearly equimolar solution of HF•pyridine. This solution wasstored at −20° C. until needed.

To a solution of the previously prepared C23 OTBS β-diketone 28 (0.025g, 0.033 mmol) in dry THF (2 ml) in a HDPE vial was rapidly added theHF•pyridine solution prepared above (0.25 ml) in a single portion. Theresulting solution was layered with argon, sealed and stirred vigorouslyfor 7 days at rt. The vial was unsealed, and the reaction quenched withsaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (1 ml). The reaction was diluted with ethylacetate, the layers separated, and the aqueous phase extracted 3 timeswith ethyl acetate. The combined organic fractions were pooled, driedover MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting oilwas subjected to flash chromatography in 30% ethyl acetate/hexanes,which yielded □-diketo alcohol 13 (0.015 g, 0.051 mmol, 70%) as acolorless oil.

To a stirred solution of 13 (1.28 g, 2.02 mmol) in toluene (30 ml) wasadded p-toluene sulfonic acid (0.060 g, 0.0003 mmol) in a single portionfollowed by addition of 4 Å molecular sieves (1.5 g). After stirring atrt for 10 hours, the reaction was quenched with pyridine (2.0 ml, 24.7mmol) and filtered. The resulting solution was concentrated underreduced pressure, then redissolved in diethyl ether. This was washedwith saturated NaHCO₃ and dried over MgSO₄ before the solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure. The resulting oil was subjected to flashchromatography in 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes, which was increased to70% as the product began to elute from the column. This yielded 1.00 g(1.63 mmol, 81%) of 14 as a 1.54:1 mixture of diastereomers at C23 whichwere separable after a second chromatographic step in which 300 g ofsilica gel were used per 1 g of the pure diastereomers, and the materialwas eluted again using 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes.

In a glove bag, under positive Ar pressure, 0.9834 g (3.11 mmole)methoxy diisopinylborane was weighed into a dried flask. Dry diethylether (8.4 ml) was added, and the resulting solution cooled to −78° C.To this solution was added dropwise over 5 minutes a 1M solution ofallyl magnesium bromide (2.8 ml, 2.8 mmol), after which the solution wasallowed to come to rt over 1 hour. A portion (6.2 ml, 2.06 mmole) of theresulting borane reagent was added to a stirred solution of the aldehyde10 (0.6546 g, 2.0 mmol) in diethyl ether (5 ml) at −78° C. over 15minutes. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hour, and thenallowed to warm to rt over 1 hour. The resulting boronate was thencleaved by addition of 10 ml of 15% NaOH and 2 ml 30% H₂O₂. This mixturewas stirred for 30 minutes, and the layers were separated. The aqueouslayer was then extracted 4 times with diethyl ether. The combinedorganic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reducedpressure. The resultant oil was subjected to flash chromatography in 15%ethyl acetate/hexanes produced 15 (0.4723 g, 1.28 mmol, 64%) as a clearoil.

To a stirred solution of 15 (3.39 g, 9.19 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (80 ml)was added a 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oil (0.551 g, 13.79 mmol)in a single portion, and the resulting solution was stirred at rt for 1h. To this was added dimethyl aminopyridine (0.061 g, 0.5 mmol),followed by t-butyl dimethylsilyl chloride (2.216 g, 14.70 mmol). Thesolution was then refluxed for 16 h, after which the solution was cooledto rt and quenched with 10 ml of a saturated solution of aqueousammonium chloride. The layers were separated, and the aqueous phaseextracted 3 times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases weredried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultantoil was subjected to flash chromatography in 7.5% ethyl acetate/hexanes,yielding the TBS protected allyl alcohol 27 (3.833 g, 7.90 mmol, 86%) asa clear oil.

To a stirred solution of the previously prepared TBS allyl alcohol 27(0.035 g, 0.072 mmol) in 2:1 THF/water (3 ml) was added N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (0.0092 g, 0.079 mmol) in one portion, followed bythe rapid addition of a 2.5% solution of osmium tetroxide in isopropanol(0.090 ml, 0.07 mmol), again in one portion. The resultant solution wasstirred 6 hours at rt before being stopped by the addition of excesssolid sodium sulfite. The reaction mixture was then diluted with brineand ethyl acetate. The layers were separated, and the aqueous phaseextracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phaseswere concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant oil wasredissolved in 3 ml 2:1 tetrahydrofuran/water, to which was added sodiumperiodate (0.052 g, 0.243 mmol) The reaction mixture was stirred 6 hoursat rt before being diluted with water and ethyl acetate. The layers wereseparated, and the aqueous phase extracted three times with ethylacetate, and the combined organic phases concentrated under reducedpressure. The resultant yellow oil was subjected to flash chromatographyin 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes, and yielded aldehyde 16 (0.0297 g, 0.061mmol, 85% over 2 steps) as a clear oil.

To a stirred solution of diisopropyl amine (0.352 ml, 2.51 mmol) in dryTHF (25 ml) at −78° C. was added dropwise a 2.5M solution of nBuLi inhexanes (0.956 ml, 2.39 mmol). The solution was stirred for 30 minutesat 0° C. and then cooled to −78° C. A solution of methyl ketone 9 (0.592g, 2.26 mmol) in dry THF (5 ml) was cannulated slowly into the reactionmixture over 10 minutes. The resulting solution was stirred at −78° C.for 30 minutes, warmed to rt for 2 minutes, then recooled to −78° C.,after which a solution of aldehyde 16 (1.0 g, 2.05 mmol) in dry THF (3ml) was slowly cannulated into the reaction mixture over 10 minutes.This was stirred at −78° C. for 15 minutes, then quenched with asaturated solution of aqueous ammonium chloride (25 ml). The reactionwas then diluted with ethyl acetate, and the layers separated. Theaqueous phase was extracted 3 times with ethyl acetate, and the combinedorganic phases dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure.The resulting oil was subjected to flash chromatography in 10% ethylacetate in hexanes, which was increased to 20% as the product began toelute from the column. This yielded 1.48 g (1.97 mmol, 96%) of aninconsequential mixture of diastereomers which were carried through tothe next reaction.

To a stirred solution of the diastereomeric mixture of β-keto alcohols(0.1103 g, 0.147 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ was added N-methyl morpholineN-oxide (0.1418 g, 1.207 mmol) and approximately 0.1 g powdered 4 Åmolecular sieves. Tetrapropyl ammonium perruthenate (0.0131 g, 0.037mmol) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 minutes. The reactionmixture was then filtered through a short plug of silica with copiousquantities of ethyl acetate. The resulting solution was concentratedunder reduced pressure and subjected to flash chromatography using 15%ethyl acetate in hexanes. This yielded 0.0513 g (0.069 mmol, 47%) of thedesired (3-diketone 28.

To a solution of pyranone 14 (0.205 g, 0.333 mmol) and cerium chlorideheptahydrate (0.030 g, 0.082 mmol) in 5.5 ml methanol was added solidNaBH₄ (0.012 g, 0.33 mmol) in a single portion at −20° C. The reactionmixture was stirred for 1 hour at −20° C. and monitored by tlc. A secondportion of NaBH₄ (0.012 g, 0.33 mmol) was added during this period whenthe reaction appeared stalled. The reaction was then quenched with 20 mlsaturated aqueous NaCl, and the mixture brought to rt, filtered througha pad of Celite® and the layers separated. The separated aqueous layerwas extracted four times with ethyl acetate, and the combined organicswere dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to affordthe crude allylic alcohol. This moderately stable oil was reactedfurther without purification.

The crude allylic alcohol was dissolved in 6 ml CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (2:1) andcooled to 0° C. before being treated with solid NaHCO₃ (0.042 g, 0.5mmol). Purified m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (0.046 g, 0.370 mmol) wasadded in a single portion and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30minutes, then warmed to rt over a period of 15 minutes. The reaction wasquenched with triethylamine (4.0 ml), stirred well for 20 minutes,diluted with 40 ml diethyl ether, and filtered through a pad of Celite®.The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultingoil purified using flash chromatography using (EtOAc/hexane 1/1) to givediol 17 (0.158 g, 0.238 mmol, 71%) as a colorless oil.

A solution of diol 17 (118 mg, 0.178 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine(77 mg, 0.62 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3.2 ml) was cooled to −10° C. and treatedwith benzoyl chloride (27 μl, 0.23 mmol) dropwise via syringe. Theresulting mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 30 minutes, quenched withsaturated NaHCO₃ and diluted with EtOAc (20 ml). The organic layer waswashed with H₂O and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuoto afford a crude mixture of C21 monobenzoate and4-dimethylaminopyridine as a colorless paste, which was filtered over aplug of silica gel (EtOAc/hexane 1/2).

The filtrate was evaporated and taken up in 8 ml CH₂Cl₂ and treated withsolid 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one(Dess-Martin periodinane, 113 mg, 0.267 mmol) at rt. The solution wasstirred for 4 hours at rt after which a second portion (113 mg, 0.267mmol) of DMP was added. The opaque white mixture was stirred for another1.5 hours and quenched with 4 ml saturated NaHCO₃/Na₂S₂O₃. The layerswere separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). Thecombined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo toprovide a colorless semisolid. Flash chromatography on silica gel(EtOAc/hexane 1/3) gave the desired keto-pyranone 29 (121 mg, 89% from17) as a colorless oil.

To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (300 μl, 2.14 mmol) in THF(3.2 ml) was added n-butyllithium (1.25 ml, 1.6 M in hexanes, 2.00 mmol)dropwise at −78° C. The mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 30min, then cooled again to −78° C., and a solution of ketone 18 (319 mg,0.494 mmol) in 6.8 ml THF was added in a single portion. The solutionwas stirred for 30 minutes and treated with a solution of freshlydistilled OHCCO₂Me (88 mg, 0.74 mmol) in 5 ml THF, kept at −78° C. for30 minutes and quenched with 3 ml saturated NH₄Cl. The reaction mixturewas brought to rt and diluted with 200 ml EtOAc. The organic layer waswashed with H₂O (2×) and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated invacuo. The crude residue was chromatographed on silica gel(EtOAc/hexanes 35/65) to afford the aldol product (319 mg, 88%) as aninconsequential mixture of diastereomers.

The isolated aldol product (303 mg, 0.412 mmol) and Et₃N (340 μl, 2.50mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (15 ml) and cooled to −10° C.Methanesulfonylchloride (97 μl, 1.25 mmol) was added via syringe and thesolution was stirred at −10° C. for 30 minutes and warmed to rt. 5 mlsaturated NaHCO₃ were added and the reaction mixture was diluted with100 ml EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with H₂O and brine, driedover Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was immediatelydissolved in THF (20 ml) and treated with1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU—75 μl, 0.5 mmol) dropwise at rt.The resulting bright yellow solution was stirred at rt for 20 minutes,treated with saturated NH₄Cl and diluted with 150 ml EtOAc. The organiclayer was washed with H₂O and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentratedin vacuo to afford an orange residue which was chromatographed on silicagel (20% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford exocyclic methacrylate 30 (239 mg,81%—unseparable mixture of E/Z isomers, ratio E/Z=7:1) as a yellow oil.

To a solution of enone 19 (205 mg, 0.286 mmol) and cerium chlorideheptahydrate (52 mg, 0.15 mmol) in 11 ml methanol was added solid NaBH₄(21 mg, 0.57 mmol) in a single portion at −30° C. Rapid gas evolutionsubsided after 3 minutes. After an additional 30 minutes at −30° C., thereaction mixture was poured directly onto a silica gel column and theproduct quickly eluted with EtOAc/hexanes (3/1) to afford the alcohol ascolorless oil.

Octanoic acid (93 mg, 0.64 mmol) and Et₃N (117 μl, 0.88 mmol) weredissolved in 8 ml toluene and treated with2,4,6-trichlorobenzoylchloride (92 μl, 0.59 mmol) dropwise at rt. After2.5 hours at rt, a toluene solution (5 ml) of freshly prepared alcoholwas added gradually via syringe and stirring was continued for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was quenched with 10 ml saturated NaHCO₃, diluted withEtOAc and washed successively with saturated NH₄Cl and brine. Theorganics were dried over Na₂SO₄, the solvent was removed in vacuo, andthe residue was chromatographed on silica gel (EtOAc/hexane 1/3) toprovide octanoate 20 as an colorless oil (208 mg, 86% from 19).

To a solution of 20 (2.0 mg, 0.0024 mmol) in 1 mL 1% aqueous CH₂Cl₂ wasadded solid 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ, 1.2 mg,0.0053 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes,then pipetted directly onto a plug of silica gel. The product was elutedwith EtOAc/hexane (1/4) and the solvent was removed in vacuo to providethe crude diol (1.1 mg). This material was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂and treated with manganese (W) oxide (0.4 mg, 0.0046 mmol) at 0° C. Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and then pipetted directlyonto a plug of silica gel. The product was eluted with EtOAc/hexane(1/3) and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Crude aldehyde 33 (0.64 mg,42%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

Example 12

Compound and synthetic step references in this example correspond to thefollowing scheme (as opposed to the reaction schemes and formula numbersemployed previously in the specification).

A 3-neck flask was charged with NaH (16 g, 60 wt % in mineral oil, 0.40mol). The NaH was washed with Et₂O (3×40 mL). THF (800 mL) was added andthe mixture stirred. To this suspension was added2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol 1 (40 g, 0.39 mol) in portions over 10 minThe resulting thick slurry was stirred at room temperature [rt] for 1 h.TBSCl (60.5 g, 0.40 mol) was added in one portion. The slurry thinnedand was stirred at rt for 14 h. The reaction was diluted with MTBE (1.0L) and washed with 10% aq. K₂CO₃ (700 mL, 300 mL) and brine (500 mL).The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure to yield 88.4 g of a viscous liquid which wasused without further purification.

A solution of 2 (40 g, ca 0.18 mol) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (900 mL) andcooled in an ice bath to 4° C. To this solution was added NEt₃ (76 mL,0.54 mol). A slurry of SO₃.pyr (44 g, 0.27 mol) in DMSO (100 mL) wasadded in two portions 5 min apart to keep T<10° C. The reaction wasstirred for 2.5 h and the ice bath removed. Stirring was continued for6.5 h and another portion of SO₃.pyr (10 g, 63 mmol) was added as asolid. The reaction was stirred for 9 h and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 L).The resulting solution was washed with 1 N aq. HCl (2×500 mL), satd. aq.NaHCO₃ (500 mL), and brine (500 mL). The resulting organic layer wasdried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to39.8 g of an orange liquid which was used without further purification.

A solution of 4-chloro-1-butanol (23 mL, 0.23 mol) in THF (230 mL) wascooled to −78° C. A solution of MeMgCl (77 mL, 3.0 M in THF, 0.23 mol)was added dropwise via addition funnel over 30 min to keep T<−60° C. Thereaction was let warm to −10° C. and Mg⁰ (6.04 g, 0.251 mol) was addedfollowed by BrCH₂CH₂Br (0.1 mL). The reaction was heated to reflux for14.5 h. Heating was removed, THF (220 mL) was added, and the reactionwas cooled to −78° C. A solution of 3 (39 g, ca 0.18 mol) in THF (100mL) was added dropwise via addition funnel over 40 min to keep T<−60° C.The reaction was stirred 30 min at −78° C. and the cold bath removed.MTBE (500 mL) was added when the reaction reached −30° C. followed byaq. citric acid (87 g, 0.41 mol in 500 mL H₂O). The organic layer wascollected and the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE (200 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine (2×400 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to a lightorange oil. The oil was dissolved in EtOAc and filtered through silica.The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 49.7 g ofa light yellow oil which was used without further purification.

To a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (800 mL) was added (COCl)₂ (46.9 mL, 0.537 mol)and the resulting solution cooled to −78° C. DMSO (75.8 mL, 1.07 mol)was added dropwise via addition funnel over 15 min to keep T<−60° C. Theresulting solution was stirred for 10 min. A solution of 4 (49.7 g, ca0.179 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) was added dropwise via addition funnelover 25 min to keep T<−70 C. The resulting mixture was stirred 1 h at−78° C. and NEt₃ (250 mL, 1.79 mol) was added dropwise via additionfunnel over 15 min to keep T<−60° C. The cold bath was removed and thereaction was allowed to warm to −30° C. and then poured into a mixtureof H₂O (500 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (800 mL). The resulting organic layer wascollected and washed with H₂O (500 mL), satd. aq. NH₄Cl (2×400 mL),satd. aq. NaHCO₃ (500 mL), and brine (500 mL). The organic layer wasthen dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reducedpressure to a dark oil. Purification by flask chromatography on silicain 19:1→9:1 pet. ether:EtOAc yielded 27.81 g (54% based on2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol) of a straw yellow liquid.

A 3-neck flask was charged with powdered 4A mol. sieves (47.5 g), CH₂Cl₂(600 mL), and R-BINOL (3.6 g, 12.5 mmol) To this mixture was addedTi(OiPr)₄ (1.84 mL, 6.25 mmol) The resulting orange mixture was heatedto reflux for 1 h, then cooled to rt in a water bath. A solution of 5(36.0 g, 125 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) was added followed by B(OMe)₃ (16.8mL, 150 mmol) and Bu₃SnCH₂CHCH₂ (46.5 mL, 150 mmol). The resultingmixture was stirred at rt for 42 h, then filtered through celite intosaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for1 h. The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to a thickorange oil. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silicain 9:1→4:1 pet. ether:EtOAc to yield 29.03 g, (70%) of a yellow oil.

To a solution of 6 (28.8 g, 87.6 mmol) in MePh (500 mL) was added beaded4 Å mol. sieves (50 g) and pTsOH (1.66 g, 8.76 mmol). The mixture wasstirred at rt for 18 h then filtered through basic alumina (Brockmangrade I, basic, 150 mesh) and the alumina washed with pet. ether. Thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to 23.2 g (85%) of aclear liquid.

A mixture of 80% MMPP (25.7 g, 41.5 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (245 mL), MeOH (122mL), and NaHCO₃ (8.87 g) was stirred in an ice bath. A solution of 7(21.5 g, 69.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added dropwise via additionfunnel over 10 min. The reaction was stirred for 10 min, and then pouredinto H₂O (200 mL). The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layerwas extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL). The combined organic layers weredried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure toa thick oil which was purified by flash chromatography on silica in19:1→9:1 pet. ether:EtOAc to yield 16.49 g (66%) of a clear oil.

To an oven-dried flask was added the major diastereomer of 8 (5.3 g,14.8 mmol) in 75 mL CH₂Cl₂. MeCN (12 mL) was added and the reaction wascooled in an ice bath. 7.6 g 4 Å molecular sieves was added, followed byNMO (2.6 g, 22.2 mmol) and TPAP (310 mg, 0.88 mmol). The reaction wasstirred for 15 min. in an ice bath, then warmed to rt. Reaction stirredovernight. Additional 4 Å molecular sieves (1.05 g), NMO (1.0 g), andTPAP (120 mg) were added. After 5 hours of stirring, at rt, the reactionwas filtered through celite, with a CH₂Cl₂ was. The filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo and flashed through a plug of silica, eluting withCH₂Cl₂. The fractions containing product were concentrated in vacuo toyield 4.28 g (81%) of product.

To a solution of 9 (1.72 g, 4.82 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added K₂CO₃(3.66 g, 26.5 mmol) and a solution of methyl glyoxylate (14.2 mL, ˜1.7M, 24 mmol) in THF. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 55 minand then poured into a mixture of satd. aq. NH₄Cl (200 mL) and Et₂O (100mL). The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extractedwith Et₂O (100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄,filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to an orange oil whichwas purified by flash chromatography on silica in 19:1 pet. ether:EtOActo yield 1.50 g (72%) of a yellow oil which solidified on standing.

To an oven-dried flask was added 10 (3.29 g, 7.71 mmol) in MeOH (130mL). CeCl₃7H₂O (1.44 g, 3.86 mmol) was added and the reaction wasstirred until the salts dissolved. The reaction was then cooled to −30°C., and NaBH₄ (580 mg, 15 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for20 min at −30° C. The reaction was loaded directly onto a silica column(250 g) and eluted with 6:1 hexanes:EtOAc. The fractions containingproduct were combined and washed with H₂O (2×85 mL) and brine (3×85 mL).The organic layer was then dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo to yield 3.49 g of crude product which was used directly in thenext reaction.

The crude alcohol was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (75 mL) and DMAP (1.41 g, 11.5mmol) was added. Octanoic acid (1.83 mL, 11.5 mmol) was then added,followed by DIC (1.81 mL, 11.6 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for20 h. The reaction was then diluted with EtOAc and brine. The organiclayer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (1×).The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated to 7.17 g of a solid/oil mixture. The crudematerial was purified via column chromatography (silica (300 g),hexanes:EtOAc, 19:1) to yield 3.98 g (93% over 2 steps) of pure productas a light yellow oil.

To a solution of TBS ether 12 (2.0 g, 3.61 mmol) in THF (36.1 mL) at rtwas added 3.HF.Et₃N (6.0 mL, 36.1 mmol). The reaction mixture wasstirred for 48 h and then diluted with ether (36 mL). The organic phasewas washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL), driedover Na₂SO₄, and flashed through a plug of silica. The residue obtainedafter evaporation of solvent was carried forward without furtherpurification. R_(f)=0.20 (hexane/ethyl acetate 4:1).

To a solution of the deprotected alcohol in CH₂Cl₂ (21 mL) and MeCN (2.1mL), at rt, was added 4 Å molecular sieves (powder, 1.81 g) and NMO(1.06 g, 9.03 mmol). The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and TPAP (127 mg,0.361 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirredfor 10 min. 0° C. and for 2 hrs. at rt. The reaction was filteredthrough celite, eluting with CH₂Cl₂, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude reaction mixture was then flashed through a plug of silica, alsoeluting with CH₂Cl₂, and then concentrated in vacuo. Purification viacolumn chromatography (silica gel, 2.5% EtOAc/Petroleum Ether) revealedpure aldehyde 14 (1.20 g, 76% over 2 steps) as a yellow oil.

1-bromo-2-ethoxyethylene (690 μL, 6.5 mmol) was added to an oven-driedflask containing Et₂O (22 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C., andt-BuLi (7.63 mL, 13 mmol, 1.7M in pentane) was added, dropwise. Thereaction was stirred, at −78° C., for 30 min. Me₂Zn (3.35 mL, 6.7 mmol,2.0M in toluene) was added, dropwise, and the reaction was stirred, at−78° C., for 30 min. A solution of aldehyde 14 (0.948 g, 2.2 mmoldissolved in Et₂O (22 mL, 0.1 mmol) was added dropwise, via syringe, andthe reaction was stirred for 2 h at −78° C. The reaction was quenchedwith a 1.0 M solution of HCl (40 mL) and allowed to warm to rt. Themixture stirred vigorously for 19 h and was quenched with sat'd aq.NaHCO₃ (60 mL), diluted with EtOAc (35 mL) and H₂O (35 mL). Theseparated aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×60 mL) and thecombined organic phases washed with brine (1×85 mL). The organic layerwas dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purificationvia column chromatography (silica gel, Pet Ether→7%→10% EtOAc:PetroleumEther) revealed pure enal 16 (905 mg, 90%) as a nearly colorless oil.

Preparation of stock solution: K₂OsO₂(OH)₄ (2.0 mg, 0.0054 mmol),(DHQD)₂PYR (12.0 mg, 0.0136 mmol), K₃Fe(CN)₆ (1.34 g, 4.07 mmol), andK₂CO₃ (563 mg, 4.07 mmol) were combined in a round-bottom flask, towhich was added 6.75 mL of H₂O and 6.75 mL of tBuOH. The two-phasesystem was vigorously stirred at rt for 2 h.

Enal 16 (300 mg, 0.646 mmol) was cooled to 0° C., and a 6.4 mL aliquotof the stock solution was added. The yellow-orange colored reactionmixture was stirred at 0-4° C. for 60 h (in cold room). After dilutingwith water (50 mL) the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate(3×250 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, and thenfiltered. The solvents were removed in vacuo. Purification via columnchromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate 1:9) yielded diol 17(233 mg, 72%) as a 2.5:1 inseparable mixture of diastereomers.

The diol (10 mg, 0.020 mmol) was taken up in a solution of MeCN:H₂O (960μL, 240 μL), and transferred to an oven-dried flask. pTsOH (38 mg, 0.200mmol) was added as 0.22M solution in MeCN:H₂O (730 μL, 180 μL). Thereaction was stirred overnight, at rt, and then quenched with sat. aq.NaHCO₃ (−6 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (×3). Thecombined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude product was carried forward withoutfurther purification.

A 0.5M stock solution of 1:3 TBSCl:imidazole was prepared by dissolvingTBSCl (754 mg, 5.0 mmol) and imidazole (1.02 g, 15.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(10.0 mL). A total of 9 eq. of this stock solution were added to thereaction over 6 hrs. (added in 3 eq. aliquots, 2 hrs. apart). Reactionwas quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl and the aqueous phase was extractedwith EtOAc (×3 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification via columnchromatography (silica gel, Hexanes:EtOAc, 75:25) revealed pure product(5.6 mg, 47% over 2 steps).

Example 13

Compound and synthetic step references in this example correspond to thefollowing scheme (as opposed to the reaction schemes and formula numbersemployed previously in the specification).

To a solution of acid 31 (28 mg, 0.05 mmol) in toluene (1.1 mL) wasadded NEt₃ (14 μL, 0.1 mmol) and 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride (8.3μL, 0.05 mmol) at rt and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. To thisreaction mixture was added a solution of the alcohol 19 (15 mg, 0.025mmol) and DMAP (15 mg, 0.125 mmol) in toluene (1.1 mL) at rt. Thereaction mixture was stirred for 1 h and then directly poured onto acolumn (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate 85:15) and diluted with thissolvent mixture to afford 24 mg (87%) of ester 32 as a colorless oil.

To a solution of aldehyde 32 (20 mg, 0.018 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at rt ina plastic vial was added 70% HF/pyridine (968 μL, excess) dropwise andthe yellow reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The reaction wasquenched by addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution (12.5 mL) and H₂O (7.5mL). The biphasic mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×12 mL).The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration andevacuation of solvents the residue was purified by column chromatography(silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate 1:4) to yield 11 mg (82%) of Formula33 as a white solid.

Example 14

Compound 18B.1 wherein R and R′ are H

The compound 18B.1 (as in Reaction Scheme 18, where R and R′ both are H)was synthesized as described in Reaction Schemes 17 and 18. Modeling ofboth C15 acetal epimers suggested that the desired product (C15=β) wouldbe thermodynamically favored. ROESY studies confirmed that thestereocenter at the newly formed acetal position was set underthermodynamic control. The potential C15 epimer of 18B.1 was notobserved. Experimental Data for 18B.1: R₁=0.40 (80% EtOAc, 20%pentane)—one black, UV active spot with p-anisaldehyde stain. HPLC:Retention Time=16.00 min. Method: 65%→95% MeCN in H₂O at 6 mL/min over30 min. IR (film) 3427 (br), 2919, 2850, 1723, 1668, 1411, 1435, 1382,1298, 1260, 1231, 1159, 1093, 1051, 1023 cm⁻¹. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ6.03 (1H, d, J=15.5 Hz), 5.97 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 5.39 (1H, m), 5.35 (1H,dd, J=7.5, 15.5 Hz) 5.26 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 5.21 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz),5.13 (1H, s), 4.88 (1H, s), 4.19 (2H, m), 4.02 (1H, m), 4.01 (1H, m),3.84 (1H, ddd, J=3.1, 5.0, 12.0 Hz), 3.71 (1H, dd, J=2.3, 14.0 Hz), 3.68(3H, s), 3.65 (1H, m), 3.49 (2H, m), 3.37 (1H, dd, J=7.0, 9.0 Hz), 2.58(1H, dd, J=11.5 Hz, 13 Hz), 2.51 (1H, dd, J=2.9, 13 Hz), 2.29 (2H, m),2.04 (1H, m), 2.01 (1H, m), 1.99 (1H, m), 1.83 (1H, m), 1.78 (1H, m),1.75 (1H, m), 1.66 (1H, m), 1.60 (2H, m), 1.55 (1H, m), 1.49 (1H, m),1.26 (12H, m), 1.18 (3H, s), 1.03 (3H, s), 0.87 (3H, t, J=6.5 Hz). ¹³CNMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.7, 172.3, 167.3, 151.7, 145.4, 125.1, 120.0,105.3, 100.0, 77.9, 77.0, 75.0, 73.9, 71.2, 69.8, 68.3, 65.8, 64.7,51.1, 45.4, 41.9, 40.6, 37.7, 36.1, 34.6, 31.8, 31.5 (×2), 30.9, 29.7,29.0, 24.6, 24.3, 23.2, 22.5, 19.4, 14.1. HRMS (MALDO calcd forC₃₇H₅₈O₁₃Na: 733.3770 Found: 733.3789. [α]²⁷=−8.9° (c=0.17, CDCl₃).

Example 15 PKC Binding Assay Protocol

Filters (Whatman GF-B, 21 mm dia.) are soaked for 1 hour in a solutioncontaining deionized water (97 mL), and 10% polyethyleneamine (3 mL). Anassay buffer solution is prepared by the combining of TRIS (1M, pH 7.4,1 mL), KCl (1M, 2 μL), CaCl₂ (0.1M, 30 μL), bovine serum albumin (40mg), and diluting to 20 mL with deionized water and stored on ice.Phosphatidyl serine vesicles are prepared by the addition ofphosphatidyl serine (10 mg/mL in chloroform, 0.4 mL) to a glass testtube followed by removal of the chloroform under a stream of nitrogen (5min). To this viscous liquid is added a portion of the prepared assaybuffer (4 mL) and the resulting mixture is then transferred to a plastictube. This tube is then sonicated (Branson Sonifier 250, power=6, 40%duty cycle) four times for 30 sec. with a 30 sec. rest in-betweensonications. The resulting solution is stored over ice. PKC is preparedby the addition of cooled assay buffer (10 mL) to PKC (25 mL) purifiedfrom the rat brain by the method of Mochly-Rosen et al. (J. Biol. Chem.1987, 262, 2291) and then stored on ice. Stock solutions of compoundsare diluted with absolute ethanol in glass in serial fashion.

Each plastic assay incubation tube is made to contain preparedphosphatidyl serine vesicles (60 μL), prepared PKC solution (200 μL) andanalog (0-20 mL plus EtOH (20-0 μL) for a total volume of 20 μL).Lastly, tritiated phorbol dibutyrate ([3H]-PDBu) (30 nM, 20 μL) is addedto each tube. The assay is carried out using 7-10 analog concentrations,each in triplicate. Non-specific binding is measured in 1-3 tubes by thesubstitution of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (1 mM, 5 μL) and EtOH(15 μL) for the analog/EtOH combination. The tubes are incubated at 37°C. for 90 min. and then put on ice for 5 min. Each tube is then filteredseparately through a pre-soaked filter disc. The filter is subsequentlyrinsed with cold 20 mM TRIS buffer (5 mL) dropwise. The filters are thenput in separate scintillation vials and Universol® scintillation fluidis added (3 mL). The filters are immediately counted in a scintillationcounter (Beckman LS 6000SC). Counts per minute are averaged among threetrials at each concentration. The data is then plotted using a leastsquare fit algorithm with the Macintosh version of Kaleidagraph®(Abelbeck Software) and an IC50 (defined as the concentration of analogrequired to displace half of the specific PDBu binding to PKC) iscalculated. The IC50 then allows determination of the K_(i) for theanalog from the equation: K_(i)=IC50/(1+[PDBu])/K_(d) of PDBu). TheK_(d) of [3H]-PDBu is determined under identical conditions to be 1.17nM.

A competitive inhibition binding assay was performed with B-ring analog18B.1, leading to a binding constant of 5.4 nM.

Compound PKC Binding constant [3H]-PDBu 1.17 nM  18B.1 5.4 nM 20A 2.6 nM20B 3.0 nM 22A 0.67 nM  22B 1.2 nM

Example 16 PKC Translocation Assay

Functional activity of analogs were addressed in a PKC translocationassay. PKC, in its inactive form, is located in the cytosol and uponactivation translocates to cellular membranes. This translocation can beobserved and measured in real time with confocal microscopy using thefusion protein PKC-GFP (green fluorescent protein) as a reporter.Translocation assays were performed on the novel PKC isozymes δ and εand on the conventional isozyme PKCβ1.

Cell Culture and Transfection

-   -   Rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 (RBL) cells were cultured in        Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen Life        Technologies, Gibco) containing 20% fetal calf serum with 50        units/ml penicillin, 50 mg/ml streptomycin and 4 mM glutamine        (Gibco). Cells were maintained at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 10%        CO₂. Two hours prior to transfection, cells were plated onto        sterile glass coverslips. The DNA encoding C-terminal GFP-tagged        full-length PKCδ was electroporated into the cells 12 hours        before experiments according to the procedure described by        Teruel et al. (Biophys. J., 1997,73, 1785).

Fluorescence Microscopy

Fluorescence images were obtained using the 488 nm excitation line of alaser scanning confocal microscope (Pascal, Zeiss) and emission wascollected through a 505-550 nm band pass filter. Cells were imaged onthe stage of an inverted microscope (Axiovert 100M) using a 40×1.2 NAZeiss Plan-apo oil immersion objective. For each experiment, a coverslipto which the cells adhered was used to form the base of a metal cellchamber (Molecular Probes). Cells were washed and maintained inDulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (Gibco) supplemented with 10 mMglucose. Bryostatin and analog 22 were dissolved in DMSO, and thendiluted to the desired concentration in the extracellular buffer shortlybefore being added to the cells. The final concentration of DMSO thatthe cells were exposed to did not exceed 0.1%. Each time series lastedfrom 10 to 30 minutes and images were acquired every 7 or 30 seconds. Asolution containing test compound was added to the cell chamber afterthe fifth image in each time series. For experiments performed at 37°C., an air stream incubator was used to heat the stage and microscopeobjectives and the extracellular buffer was warmed to 37° C. before use.

Analysis

Images were exported as 12 bit files and analyzed using Metamorph dataanalysis software (Universal Imaging). To monitor the translocation ofPKCδ-GFP, a small region of interest was selected in the cytosol of eachcell and fluorescence intensity values graphed against time followingbackground subtraction and normalization.

Experimental Protocol

-   -   Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells were transfected with a        plasmid encoding for the PKCδ-GFP fusion protein by        electroporation. Following expression, the cells were exposed to        a 200 nM concentration of analog 18B.1. A time course of images        was taken and the rate and extent of translocation were        quantified by selecting a cytosolic region within several cells        and measuring the intensity of fluorescence as a function of        time. The degree of fluorescence was normalized to the intensity        prior to activation, allowing for comparison of kinetics and        end-points between different cells and experiments.

Results for the translocation of the novel PKCs mediated by 18B.1 areshown in FIG. 2. Translocations of the novel isozymes PKCδ and 8 wererapid and complete. However, translocation of the conventional isoformPKCβI was reduced, indicating overall a remarkably selectivetranslocation of the novel class over the conventional class.

All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.Although the invention has been described with respect to specificembodiments and examples, it will be appreciated that various changesand modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention.

1. A compound having the structure of Formula I:

wherein: R₁ and R₂ are independently H, —OH, —OR′, —NH₂, —NR′, ═CH₂,═CHR′, ═O, —R′, halogen, —C(R)₂—COOR′, —C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—W,—C(R)₂—COO—C(R)₂—C═CR′, —(CH₂)₄O(O)CR′ or —(CH₂)₄CO₂-haloalkyl where qis 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkyl amino, optionallysubstituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionallysubstituted alkylthio, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl or optionally substitutedcycloheteroalkyl, providing that valency is not violated; R is H,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substitutedheteroaralkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionallysubstituted alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl); R₃ is independently H, —OH, orO(CO)R′; R₄ is ═CR^(a)R^(b) or CHR^(c)R^(d); R^(a) and R^(b) areindependently H, —COOR′, —CONR^(c)R^(d) or R′; R^(c) and R^(d) areindependently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, (CH₂)_(t)CONH₂R′, or(CH₂)_(t)COOR′ where t is 1, 2 or 3; R₆ is H, —OH, or R; R′ isoptionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substitutedheteroaralkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionallysubstituted alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl), (CO)R″, or (COO)R″; R″ isoptionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substitutedheteroaralkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, or optionallysubstituted alkyl(cycloheteroalkyl); A is C(R₁)₂, O, S, or N(R₁); thering containing A is optionally partially unsaturated, provided that R₄is not ═CR^(a)R^(b) when the ring carbon to which R₄ is attached isunsaturated; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently C(R₁)₂, O, S, orN(R₁); Y is O or N(R₁); m is 0 or 1; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and p is 0, 1,2, 3, or 4; and its pharmaceutically acceptable esters and saltsthereof; with the proviso that the compound does not have the structureof Formula A

2-33. (canceled)